The Role Of Governments Play An Important Role Of Business...

‘Governments play an important role in business innovation.’ Discuss in relation to two sectors. Introduction It is a common notion that it is primarily the private sector that drives innovation and economic growth, while the government, at best, plays only organization role in ‘fixing market failures’. Under this myth lies a different story, where some of the best advanced economies in the world have been shaped directly by government ¬ led investments. By not being capable to recognize the government as a source for major business innovation we run the risk of economic stagnation and the loss of inventive new technology. In publication, (Mariana Mazzucato 2013) reveals how the state, through direct funding to high  ¬risk areas and mission  ¬oriented planning, has provided boost leading to the development of new technologies and sectors. She debates that key technological revolutions, from the internet to biotech, to echo tech today, have required an active ‘entrepreneurial government’ that is willing to invest in innovation – and that economists have no words to describe this process of government led market creation. For the bright future, we should understand that Innovation is the central issue in economic prosperity and it’s not the case previously when it was government versus private sector but now both work hand in hand for innovative tomorrow. Government has impact of its working, policies on over every sector industry dealing with country. I would discuss theShow MoreRelatedThe Role Of Finance As A Driver Of Innovation1144 Words   |  5 Pagesalso affect on innovation performance. The age of the employees and RD outlay/innovation has negative relation. Also larger share of female employees in workforce increases the innovation performance of the employees whereas higher share of part-time employees has a negative share with the innovation performance (Wagner, 2012)Companies with fewer than five employees were important source of innovation in the industry (Jelling, agust 2016) FINANCE Finance has an important role to play in all typesRead MoreWhat Does The Study of Regional Economy Teach Us?1436 Words   |  6 Pagesurban, rural, or regional problems. It involves the study of spatial patters to analyze the economic factors of a region. The study of regional science is necessary to improve the economy in todays competitive global market. This study helps the government organizations to identify and make efficient use of public resources by implementing best practices to meet the expectations of the general public. The primary goal of regional science is to frame an economic development policy to improve the economicRead MoreEssay On Politics And Policy912 Words   |  4 Pagesundergoing transformations regarding technology, and a wide range of developments have been made in this field. In this regard, different companies have embraced the utilization of technology as a means of expansion and smooth operation. Different governments have enforced a variety of techn ological moves to help run countries smoothly and protect their nations against attacks and espionage. For example, people can now interact easily and comfortably via social media without the need to have a face-to-faceRead MoreIs Turkey A Free Enterprise Economic System?776 Words   |  4 Pagesargued in The Wealth of Nations that the free-enterprise economic system, all over the world encourages entrepreneurship because it permits individual s freedom to create and produce. This is not the case always, for example the culture plays an important role in this entrepreneurial process. Turkey has a stable economic and political conditions, variety of industries are performing well in the domestic market, the customers are early adopters which are all good signs for entrepreneurship, but onlyRead MoreBotswanas Economy Depends on Diamond Mining1286 Words   |  6 Pages1. INTRODUCTION It is a well-known fact that Botswana’s economy is based on mineral resources especially diamonds. As such since the 2008 economic meltdown, the diamond market has not thrived as well as it used to, prompting the Government of Botswana to come up with ways of diversifying the economy and reducing reliance on the mining sector. The main challenge for the country now is how to diversify its economy and reduce heavy reliance on diamond revenue. Therefore in 2010 the Economic DiversificationRead MoreMarketing Management Team Of Bright Light Innovations1420 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction: Bright Light Innovations LLC has invented and developed the Starlight Stove, an inexpensive home appliance for developing countries that provides both and heat and electricity without discharging hazardous wood smoke or kerosene . The stove brings in a new concept to the world of clean energy. Though the company has just started to fly it has a lot of future potential. Because annual revenue for biofuels, solar energy, wind power and fuel cells rapidly increases from 39% in oneRead MoreDifference Between Small Firms And Large Firms960 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction This paper is concerned with the difference between small firms and large firms with respect to innovation. Innovation can be defined as the implementation of new ideas to the products and processes, a new marketing method and a new organizational method in business practices, workplace organisation and external relations. It is becoming increasingly difficult to ignore the effect of innovation on performance of both small firms and large firms. A recent series of studies, indicated that largeRead MoreImpact Of Innovation On The Public Sector1708 Words   |  7 Pagesthe logic of business performance and growth on the range of goods and services that the firm offers to consumers is based on creativity. In 21 century, creativity is seen as the source of innovation, and innovation in turn as the operation of creativity. As a result, it has being arguing that, creativity is the ability to see possibilities in business (Ferrari, Cachia and Punie, 2009). The public services requires rati onal and creative skill to remove these obstacles to policy innovation. The serviceRead MoreSmall Businesses Are Essential For The Growth Of Any Economy1113 Words   |  5 PagesThey can be equated to stem cells in the human body that have the ability to self-generate and differentiate into various structural forms. Small businesses can be established to cut across industries, countries, and communities. One of the primary roles of small businesses is the creation of employment for large numbers of people in society. In the United States (US), small businesses are estimated to create jobs for approximately 64 percent of the population with most of them having less than 500Read MoreInnovation And The Successful Investment Of New Ideas846 Words   |  4 PagesInnovation is main factor for the progress of any organization. When using the innovation in the right way that gives the organization competitive among other companies. Business innovation is all about the successful investment of new ideas. Innovation plays a key role in the success of many local and international companies. The aim of Innovation is increased businesses, which generate profits (Use innovation to start or grow your business introducation, n.d.). There is an important difference

Sir Gawain The Ideal Knight Essay - 1158 Words

Sir Gawain: The Ideal Knight Throughout the Arthurian legends, Sir Gawain seems to be the epitome of a noble knight. He is always putting his king before himself, repeatedly sacrificing his own life in some way for King Arthur. He is an honorable knight that lives up to his word. This is evident in both Sir Gawain and the Green Knight and The Wedding of Sir Gawain and Dame Ragnell. In these stories, Gawain lives up to the expectations of a knight belonging to the legendary Round Table. In The Wedding of Sir Gawain and Dame Ragnell, King Arthur is accused of unrightfully giving away Gromer Somer Joures lands to Sir Gawain. Gromer Somer Joure asks Arthur a question, which Arthur must†¦show more content†¦Therfor shalle I not let. To save your life, lorde, it were my parte, Or were I false and a great coward; (Ragnell 342-352) Gawain is willing to put his welfare on the line to save his king and friend. He says that he would be a coward and without honor if he lets King Arthur die knowing that all he must do to save him is to marry a woman, although she is quite disgusting. Gawain shows his nobleness once again when Dame Ragnell tells him that she can make herself either beautiful at night or during the day, but he can only choose one of the two. He tells her, The choise I put in your fist. Evin as ye wolle, I put it in your hand, lose me when ye list, for I am bond. (Ragnell 678-680) He shows that he is not concerned with her appearance; it is up to her to decide when she would like to look beautiful. In Sir Gawain and The Green Knight, Gawain exemplifies all the traits of a noble knight. When King Arthur accepts the Green Knights challenge, Gawain steps in. He cannot allow the King to put his life on the line. Gawain says to King Arthur: I find it not fit, as in faith it is known, When such a boon is begged before all these knights, Though you be tempted thereto, to take it on yourself While so bold men about upon benches sit, That no host under heaven is hardier of will, Nor better brothers-in-arms where battleShow MoreRelatedChristian Symbolism and Chivalric Ideals in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight1472 Words   |  6 Pagesfirst Reading Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, I noticed that it comes off as a romantic normative poem about chivalric ideals and traditions of the ruling class with covertly Christian Images. The protagonist character Sir Gawain stands out as the role model of the chivalric ideals of the 14th century while displaying Christian images on his armor. The combination of Gawain’s armor and actions throughout the poem exemplify his characteristics of Christian perfection and chivalric ideals. The very firstRead MoreEssay on Chivalric Romance in Sir Gawin and the Green Knight701 Words   |  3 PagesWhat does a Chivalric Romance really represent? In â€Å"Sir Gawain and The Green Knight,† Sir Gawain continuously proves his knightly virtues and code of honor. Chivalry includes bravery, honor and humanity. He proves that he is in fact a â€Å"real† knight. It shows many ways that â€Å"Sir Gawain and the Green Knight† are perfect and the emphasis on the importance of the chivalric code. Despite its divine origins, the chivalric code is ultimately a human ideal. Chivalry is not a trait naturally found in man, butRead MoreThe Code Of Chivalry And The Fundamental Thoughts And Actions Of Human Nature1499 Words   |  6 PagesEnglish 2223 Jennifer Smith 26 November 2015 Sir Gawain†¦ Chivalric? By analyzing Sir Gawain’s attempts of following the Code of Chivalry and the fundamental thoughts and actions of human nature helps to further analyze Gawain’s character. The definition of Chivalry is the â€Å"set of values and code of conduct for the medieval knightly class† (Shatz) examining Gawain’s attempts to achieve his goal of being the perfect chivalric knight, the nature of his obstacles has to be determined, andRead MoreSir Lancelot And King Arthur1544 Words   |  7 Pageshis best knight Sir Lancelot. However, although King Arthur is married to Guinevere he feels the most betrayal by his best knight Sir Lancelot and is pained over his dishonor. This loss of chivalry honor ultimately is the downfall for both Sir Lancelot and King Arthur. Honor and loyalty is seen as the main code that the knights follow before any. The twelve knights take upon themselves to uphold their knighthood and defend what they had built. Le Morte d Arthur displays how three knights representedRead MoreThe Canterbury Tales, written by Chaucer, and Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, written by an1600 Words   |  7 PagesCanterbury Tales, written by Chaucer, and Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, written by an anonymous author, are both sophisticated fourteenth-century examples of medieval romance. Medieval romances captured the heart of their audiences as narratives and stories that featured a protagonist, often a knight, and dealt with religious allegories, chivalry, courtly love, and heroic epics. The concept of the knight emerged from the remnants of the Anglo-saxon literature and ideals and influence of the Christian religionRead MoreSir Gawain And The Green Knight1335 Words   |  6 PagesSir Gawain: The Ironic Knight Sir Gawain and the Green Knight is a tale of the utmost irony in which Sir Gawain, the most loyal and courteous of all of King Arthur’s knights, fails utterly to be loyal and courteous to his king, his host, his vows, and his God. In each case, Sir Gawain not only fails to perform well, but performs particularly poorly, especially in the case of his relationship with God. Ultimately, Sir Gawain chooses magic over faith, and by doing so, shows his ironic nature as aRead MoreSir Gawain And The Green Knight936 Words   |  4 Pageschapter of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, the journey towards the Green Chapel commences. Sir Gawain is escorted by a member of the Red Manor, who gives the knight a heed of warning. The escort offers advice to not travel to the Green Chapel, and if he chose this path, the escort would not tell of his fleeing. Sir Gawain thanks the escort for his warning but tells him that he has to keep his word, otherwise he would become a coward. The chapel was almost missed, if it not for Sir Gawain noticingRead MoreSir Gawain And The Green Knight Essay1407 Words   |  6 PagesSir Gawain: The Ideal Knight Sir Gawain in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, by an unknown author, is a knight who attempts to uphold ideal standards of knighthood. The ideal standards of knighthood consist of multiple qualities that ultimately make a knight worthy; those qualities are loyalty, strength, bravery, humility, honorability, a sense of justice, good public speaking skills, and to be of a noble family. In Sir Gawain and the Green Knight many, if not all, of those qualities are presentRead MoreSir Gawain and the Green Knight Essay1395 Words   |  6 PagesSir Gawain and the Green Knight In Sir Gawain and the Green Knight the poet depicts an entertaining story of adventure and intrigue. However, the poem is more than a grand adventure. It is an attempt to explore the moral ideals of Sir Gawain. Gawains standards are represented by the pentangle on his shield. The depiction of the pentangle occurs when Sir Gawain is preparing to gear up for his quest for the Green Chapel. Gawains outfit is described in great detail, including its color,Read MoreImportance Of A Pentangle And Their Long Uses And The Past History Associated With It1534 Words   |  7 Pagesthis paper, my approach and analysis will be based on the pentangles meaning coming from the days of Solomon, who took the Jewish star and modified it in such a manner that the symbol began to be associated with the five virtues and, protection for knights and royalty. Pentangles began as crude drawings as diagrams that were found scratched into the walls of caves. From this point onward the assumption is, they began to have a belief encompassing some realm of spiritual significance but, the real meaning

The Impact of the End of the Cold War on Us Foreign Policy Free Essays

string(140) " and social reforms in the soviet society in order to ease the pressure and help Soviets to continue to survive in the international arena\." Discuss the impact of the end of the Cold War on US foreign policy Introduction: When the world famous liberal thinker Francis Fukuyama in his masterpiece declared that we were witnessing the end of the history, he was greeting the new political structure and also the new international environment, which is peaceful[1]. However, developments that occurred after the collapse of the Soviet Union showed us that the dissolution of the Soviets was unexpected. The international society was not ready for peace and Fukuyama’s optimistic assumptions were far from becoming real. We will write a custom essay sample on The Impact of the End of the Cold War on Us Foreign Policy or any similar topic only for you Order Now Moreover, the international society currently started to realise that the tension and the potential of mass destructive war during the Cold War era had provided a much more stable and securitize world order for any other periods of the history. Recent developments that occurred after 9/11 attacks showed us that the world is not much securer due to the characteristics of this new type of threat which is commonly known and referred as terrorism. As being the flagship of the Western powers during the Cold War, the US is facing with much more pressure than before. Post- Cold war developments proved that although the US has the leadership features and military superiority against conventional threats or in other words ‘known’ enemies, it is still lacking of showing the same attributes in the Post-cold War era. This paper is going to analyse the impact of the end of the Cold War on US foreign policy. In order to do it so, it will provide historic background information on Cold War era and also the developments occurred after. Later on this paper will focus on the shifts that occurred in the American foreign policy after the Cold War. Basics of the Cold War Policies: For almost five decades the Cold War was the main stage for the evolution of international relations. Many institutions, political or military organisations and even international norms and regulations of the Cold War are setting the base even for the modern day politics. Hence the legacy of the Cold War era is still shaping the political, economic and social relationships within, and also in between the states. Although there is no specific agreement between the historians on when it began, the Cold War is the name given to approximately 50 years long conflict between the Communist block led by Soviet Union and the Western nations led by United States of America. Cold War was a conflict, which did not include any direct military engagements between these two parties. On the other hand, it was fought by various types of means including diplomatic, economic and mostly by propaganda. In general basics of the Cold War era can be grouped under 4 categories. These are: 1) Bipolar System: The primary outcome of the Second World War probably was the emergence of two superpowers which created a new and never been before experienced system anytime in the history of international relations called bipolar system. A bipolar system includes two evenly matched powers in this case The US and the Soviet Union. Once allies during and opponents after the Second World War, these two victorious states have became the main actors of the world politics for over 50 years. 2) The US Foreign Policy of Containment: The Soviet Union and its supporters were declared as the enemy of the free world by the Western states mostly by the US during the Cold War. Although it has been argued that the first indications of hostility between these two states have emerged during The Yalta and Potsdam conferences[2], the first arguments on the soviet threat have taken place between the American decision makers in late 1940s[3]. The main idea during these arguments was focusing on the essential importance of containing the Soviets, both politically and geographically in order to save and protect the US interests in overseas. In his reply to the US Treasury Department, George Kennan a former American diplomat, mentioned the expansionist policies of the Soviets and suggested that the US should follow an active foreign policy approach in order to ‘contain’ the Soviets in its current (by late 40s) geographic borders[4]. In following years, when the Truman Doctrine came into action the idea of containment has also become one of the main strategies of the US against its opponent, the Soviets. 3) Crisis without Major Conflicts: Dissimilarity between the two blocs have produced a series of international crises during the Cold War such as the Soviets intervention in Germany/Berlin (1948), Korean War (1950-1953), Cuban Crisis (1962), Although both parties did not fight or exchange fire against each other. However, they did support the fighting groups and pick sides during these crises according to their national interests. 4) Second Strike Capability Mutual Assured Destruction: Both superpowers of the Cold War era were also nuclear powers. They had highly effective and destructive nuclear weapons in their arsenal. Their nuclear capabilities were the main reason for the tension in the international society, during the Cold War. On the other hand, however this capability of theirs was also the reason why they were no major conflicts or military clashes between these super powers. Each party had the ability to respond to a nuclear attack with powerful nuclear retaliation against the attacking party[5]. This ability is called second-strike capability. Obviously as a result of this nuclear capacity both parties could have completely created a nuclear destruction not only for each other but also for the rest of the world as well[6]. That is why non- of the superpowers dared to attack the other one with its nuclear powers in order to eliminate the opposition, hostility, competition etc. The competition and increasing awareness on democratic rights did force the Soviets to stand back and make some major policy changes in 1980s. The Soviet Premier of the time Gorbachev tried to set some political and social reforms in the soviet society in order to ease the pressure and help Soviets to continue to survive in the international arena. You read "The Impact of the End of the Cold War on Us Foreign Policy" in category "Papers" Moreover, the Soviets did not only make shifts in their internal policies but also in their foreign policy understanding as well. For instance withdrawal from Afghanistan, signing of various nuclear deterrence agreements with multi parties including the US are some of the key changes that occurred in the 1980s. However, the reforms of Gorbachev did not prevent the Soviets to stop its collapse and eventually after a series of events in 1991 the Soviet Union formally announced its dissolution[7]. The First Ten Years: Although the indications were present well before the collapse of the Soviet Union, the world was not completely ready for the end of the Cold War. The US was left alone without any major balancing opponents. Furthermore, after the dissolution of the Soviets the numbers of newly established independent states have increased significantly. All these new states were lacking of self-governing capabilities and also the Western vision, which was the victorious ideology of the Cold war. Moreover, some researchers courageously support the idea that international environment during the Cold War was much more safer and less hazardous system for the global security issues. Historian Paul Dukes criticizes the former American decision makers of the Cold War for only â€Å"trying to save the day† but not working for the future[8]. He suggests that due to the lack of long-term policies of the US administrators, the world had to face with too many new issues and problems at the same time with of the Cold War[9]. If we generalize the facts before we start analysing the American foreign policy approach to the end of the Cold War, we can see that there are now much more various types of threats then it used to be. The lack of long-term policies has got the world into an uncertainty. Not only the US but also most of the states got caught out without any preparation to the circumstances of the end of the Cold War. That is way the first decade after the Cold War had a crucial importance for the US to establish, promote and also to maintain its supremacy and leadership around the world. We have seen the effects of the reforms occurred during the 1980s in the Soviet Union on the previous chapters. When these reforms combined with the ne Soviet policy of compromising have eased the tension and created a new dialogue between two superpowers. The first real challenge of the post-Cold War era was the Gulf War. Despite its historic connections in the UN Security Council meeting the Soviets (later Russian Federation) agreed to take economic sanctions against Iraq[10]. Although it seemed like the first positive international attitude towards a multi polar political system, the US policy makers misinterpreted the facts and started to crate a hegemonic power. The first real post-Cold War indication for America’s attempts to build a hegemonic power is the so-called New World Order (NWO) doctrine of the Senior Bush’s administration. The NOW came as a response from the US after the invasion of Kuwait by Iraqi military forces[11]. On September 11, 1990 former US president G. H. Bush addressed the nation prior to a joint session of Congress and underlined the ideals that the US is willing to fight for[12]. Some of the points that Bush underlined are: ? A new structure of international system based on international law and norms under the leadership of the West (particularly the US) ? International cooperation on the issues of nuclear disarmament and the promotion of collective peace ? An integrated international financial structure International cooperation on regional issues. In other words lesser sovereignty and much more international/humanitarian interventions[13]. Bush’s NWO have been criticised by various social scientists. In his 1992 article Joseph Nye categorises the NWO as a traditionally realist documentation, due to key points that was emphasised in it such as the leadership of the US [14]. Howev er, another political scientist Freedman argues that the NWO gives special importance to the UN and other multinational institutions and that is why it should be seen as a statement of liberalism and also the promotion of liberal values and norms[15]. No matter whose opinion is correct, Bush’s NWO is a fine statement of the US foreign policy makers on the Western leadership in the world politics. There is a significant increase on the numbers of US supported ‘humanitarian interventions’ since the end of the Cold War. One of the main reasons for this suitable environment for humanitarian intervention is the emergence of the newly established former communist states. Since the declaration of the NWO the US got more involved in world politics not only under the Bush administration but also under Bush’s successors. Many of these humanitarian interventions, took place under the president Clinton’s administration especially in the Balkans. In order to understand the logic of these interventions it is essential to point out the main focuses of the Clinton administration. A few weeks after he took the office President Clinton mentioned the new challenges of the post-Cold War world on a speech at the American University. These challenges and goals are: ? â€Å"To restore the American economy to good health; ? to increase the importance attached to trade and open markets for American business; to help the developing countries grow faster; ? to promote democracy in Russia and elsewhere; ? to demonstrate US leadership in the global economy[16]† The former communist states experienced series of problems during their transition periods. They not only suffered from disintegration but also they were also â€Å"forced to redefine their national interest and roles in the light of the radical c hange in the international balance of power†[17]. As a consequence of establishing a sovereign nation state, especially in the Balkans, nationalistic movements grew and tuned into violent acts. The lack of an opposing superpower helped the US to carry out the flag and start creating its global leadership. The US and its Northern Atlantic allies lunched series of military and civilian actions in order to ease the violence especially in the Balkans. During the Clinton administration US led coalition forces carried out more than 20 military missions in Yugoslavia to put an end to the ongoing violence. Main critics for the US supported missions came from a very familiar place. Although NATO eased the tension in the Balkans with its operations, the Russia was critical of the NATO operations in the Balkans. Russia prepared a resolution proposal to the UN Security Council to condemn NATO actions in Yugoslavia, though, the proposal was defeated 12-3 during the Security Council meeting, with only Russia, Namibia and China voting in favor of the resolution while NATO member countries along with the temporary members of the Security Council voted against it[18]. Hence, in general due to the sudden changes in the world politics it can be assumed that the uncertain environment and the need of a leading power led the international society to show full support on the US policies and foreign actions. Post-post Cold War? : The tragic events of the September 11, 2001did not create a new era such as post-post Cold War. However, they did assist to end a decade of positivity[19]. The attacks have generated a new era and a dimension not only for the US policies but also for the rest of the world as well specifically on the issues of global security. Although the G. W. Bush administration got the full support of international society after the attacks and even during the Afghanistan intervention, with the start of the campaign against Iraq and Saddam Hussein regime the US started to lose its supporters. The US lost its soft power over the other states and even after President Obama took the office in 2008 elections it looks like the decline will continue. Conclusion: Since the declaration of the Truman Doctrine until the collapse of the Soviet Union, the tension between two major blocks led to many crucial events, which have changed the context of the international relations and also re-framed the understanding of the world politics. The effects of these major events, which occurred during the Cold War, are traceable in contemporary world politics and also in the working structure of today’s international society. On the other hand, it should be noted that no matter how important are these Cold War based policies, the collapse of the Soviet Union has brought up a new dimension to the international relations. In general the international society faced with new radical changes with the end of the Cold War. The World has seen the implementation of various types of new policy changes in both Western and Eastern blocks. For example instead of fighting with communism the US changed its role as the promoter and the fighter of the democracy and also the global security[20]. Furthermore, the former communist states focused and forced to rethink on issues of transition and liberalisation as well[21]. The US leadership started to lose its connective power within the first decade of the post 9/11 era. Unfortunately the Bush administration misread the consequences of both post-Cold War and also September 11 attacks. The administration acted much more unilaterally then its predecessor and also its successor. The support on the US supremacy/ leadership will continue to decline unless the US foreign policy makers start to interpreting correctly the current world system. The World is no longer a secure place. International cooperation and partnership is an essential element in order to fill in the vacuum that created after the Cold War. Reference List Cameron, F US Foreign Policy after the Cold War, Routledge, Second Edition, 2006 Crockatt, R ‘The end of the cold war’, in J Baylis S Smith (eds), The Globalization of World Politics, Oxford Press, Second Edition, 2001 Dukes, P ‘A long view of the cold war’, History Today, vol. 51, issue. 1, 2006, retrieved on 20 September 2011, Evans, G Newnham, J The Penguin Dictionary of International Relations, Penguin, 1998 Freedman, L ‘ Order and Disorder in the new world’, Foreign Affairs, Winter 1992 [22] Fukuyama, F ‘The end of history’, in G Tuthail S Dalby(eds), The Geopolitics Reader, Routledge, Second Edition, 2006 Hass, R. N. ‘Defining U. S. foreign policy in a post cold war world’, The DISAM Journal, Fall 2002/Winter 2003 Kennan, G. F Memoirs 1925-1950, Pantheon, 1983 Kessler, B. R ‘ Bush’s new world order: The meaning behind the words’, Air Command and Staff Collage, ACSC Research Department NSW, 1997 Mingst, K Essentials of international Relations, Norton Company, Second Edition, 2003 Nye, J. S ‘What new world order? Foreign Affairs, Spring 1992 Petherick C. J, ‘Bush announces new world financial order’, American Free Press, December 2008, retrieved on 21 September 2011, Sokoloski, H. D Getting MAD: Nuclear Mutual Assured Destruction, Its Origins and Practice, Strategic Studies Institute, November 2004 ‘The Yalta and Potsdam conferences’, BBC UK, retrieved on 20 September 2011, ‘Union of Soviet Socialist Republics’, Encyclopedia Britannica, retrieved on 21 September 2011, Williams, I ‘Balkan crisis report: The UN’s surprising support’, Institute for War and Peace, 19 April 1999, retrieved on 21 September 2011, ———————– 1] Fukuyama, F ‘The end of history’, in G Tuthail S Dalby(eds), The Geopolitics Reader, Routledge, Second Edition, 2006, pp. 107 – 114 [2] ‘The Yalta and Potsdam conferences’, BBC UK, retrieved on 20 September 2011, [3] Mingst, K Essentials of international Relations, Norton Company, Second Edition, 2003, p. 40 [4] Kennan, G. F Memoirs 1925-1950, Pantheon, 1983, p. 356 [5] Evans, G Newnham, J The Penguin Dictionary of International Relations, Penguin, 1998, p. 487 [6] Sokoloski, H. D Getting MAD: Nuclear Mutual Assured Destruction, Its Orig ins and Practice, Strategic Studies Institute, November 2004, p. 5 [7] ‘Union of Soviet Socialist Republics’, Encyclopedia Britannica, retrieved on 21 September 2011, [8] Dukes, P ‘A long view of the cold war’, History Today, vol. 51, issue. 1, 2006, retrieved on 20 September 2011, [9] ibid. [10] ibid. [11] Mingst. op. cit. , p. 54 [12] Petherick C. J, ‘Bush announces new world financial order’, American Free Press, December 2008, retrieved on 21 September 2011, [13] Kessler, B. R ‘ Bush’s new world order: The meaning behind the words’, Air Command and Staff Collage, ACSC Research Department NSW, 1997, pp. 2-4 [14] Nye, J. S ‘What new world order? ’ Foreign Affairs, Spring 1992, p. 84 [15] Freedman, L Order and Disorder in the new world’, Foreign Affairs, Winter 1992, p. 22 [16] Cameron, F US Foreign Policy after the Cold War, Routledge, Second Edition, 2006, p. 19 [17] Crockatt, R ‘The end of the c old war’, in J Baylis S Smith (eds), The Globalization of World Politics, Oxford Press, Second Edition, 2001, p. 93 [18] Williams, I ‘Balkan crisis report: The UN’s surprising support’, Institute for War and Peace, 19 April 1999, retrieved on 21 September 2011, [19] Hass, R. N. ‘Defining U. S. foreign policy in a post cold war world’, The DISAM Journal, Fall 2002/Winter 2003, p. 31 [20] Crockatt, op. cit. p. 93 [21] ibid. How to cite The Impact of the End of the Cold War on Us Foreign Policy, Essays

Managing Performance Module for Performance -myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theManaging Performance Module for Training and Performance. Answer: Introduction Most of the organizations have a traditional system of defined goals and objectives for its employees that are measured by their supervisors based on their contribution and achievements through annual reviews and assessments. This system can be termed as performance management or career development performance review program. Performance generally has no theory to define itself but has numerous approaches and models built on specific disciplinary perspectives (Guest, 1997). Performance management is a process considered as an important component in employees career development that incorporates regular face to face performance review meetings leading to performance appraisals and underperformance management that are aligned with organizations objectives(AHRI).It is strategic and operational process that should be managed holistically through HR strategic process with an aim to ensure employees contribute to business objectives (Scannell, and Gifford, 2017). According to Deming, perfo rmance review nourishes the short-term performance, annihilates long-term planning, builds fear, demolishes team-work and nourishes rivalry and politics. This research based essay will discuss Demings observations about performance management in current dateand how contemporary organizations have addressed its adverse outcomes. There will also be a discussion on HRM skills required to avoid these adverse actions,followed by the conclusion based on research and obeservations. Strategically, performance management process improves organizational performance through the performance development of its employees and teams by managing and understanding the performance within a framework ofestablishedshort and long term goals, organizationstandards and competency requirements.Under operational process, it is a system used by organizations for settingwork goals, regulate performance standards, assign and evaluate work, provide feedback The degree Demings observations about performance management are still true today. Deming observed several organization performances and outlined need for change to a group performance plan from individual performance plan. He suggested that focusing a group performance plan enabled an organization to improve productivity and quality (Deming, 1982). Deming outlined that a performance management systems should be based on; continuous improvement, employee empowerment, teamwork, prevention, customer focus and process management. He emphasized that these bases should be used in setting right goals, establishing performance measures, focus on issues and concentrating on right kind of criteria. Deming argues that organizations should change from quantitative analysis of an individual employee and short term organizational goals and instead focus on long term planning of goal to enhance productivity and quality. Organizations should not focus on short term profits because they reduce organization progress through minimizing investing, deferring maintenance, and cutting d own research. Demings acknowledges long term profits for their ability to improve productivity and quality in an organization. Deming outlined 14 points that can be used for long term profits in an organization. They include the following; purposing on improvement of the product, adopting a new philosophy, stopping dependence on inspections with an aim to achieve quality, avoiding rewarding in business based on price, constantly improving the system, instituting training on job, instituting leadership, driving out fear, breaking down barriers, eliminating target goals and slogans, eliminating work standards, eliminating barriers of workmanship pride, instituting programs of education and self improvement programs and enabling everybody in an organization to work toward transformation. Deming therefore emphasized on transformational leadership to managing performance in a workplace rather than individual quantitative monitoring and evaluation of an employee. Demings observations on performance management are still true today in many organizations. First, organizations still widely use quantitative performance measures. Organizations use annual or quarterly reviews to attribute individual employee performance. An employee is rated against the amount of returns to the organization that can be attributed to their performance. The quantitative performance measure is also used as a base of rewards of an employee. Deming noted that using quantitative performance measure in certain duration of time was a post mortem function of an employee performance plan. Secondly, organizations still have emphasis on individual performance. Organizations still focus on individual employee performance in the organization. Focusing on individuals in the organization discourages formation of effective groups in the workplace. Establishing of groups in the organization enables teamwork in the workplace. Todays organization emphasis on an individual mployee perfo rmance plan leads to unethical behaviors among employees. Employees engage in organizations politics and rivalry to in the process of maintaining their personal performance. Employees also rework in the organization that increase cost of production. Therefore, organizations emphasis on individual performance plan as observed by Deming is the cause of ineffective teamwork toward common organizational goals in todays organizations. Thirdly, todays organizations still have employees focusing on pleasing the management. There is an emphasis of employees showing their bosses what they have done to attain certain results. This phenomenon in the organization leads to less focus on customers needs which are core in continuous improvement of an organization (Kaplan et al., 2010). This observation shows that individuals in the organization work to meet managers requirements and get their approval. This leads to individual employee in the organization getting increased rewards. This results to organizations inability to meet customers needs through teamwork of all employees working on the same organizational mission (Langley et al., 2009). Fourth, there is emphasis on short term goals in todays organizations. Organizations focus on getting high returns in a short duration of time. This involves focus on short term financial gains of the organization. Organizations lack long term planning that is important to continuous improvement. The organizations therefore operate on wrong goals that are based on behavioral statements and in other cases opinionated questions. For instance the following phases are used; accepting responsibility, meeting deadlines, aptitude to learn, effective teams participation etc. This leads to organizations operating on goals that they do not understand their root causes. This setting of goals neither solves organizational problems nor improves performance in the organization. Lastly, todays organizations still mount fear to their employees. Employ ees are subjected to tight compulsory targets that they are required meet within a given period of time. Employees are also required to compensate to damages they cause in the workplace. Though, there has been increasing labor laws, employees still feel insecure in their tenure due to subjective performance measurement. This encourages excessive internal competition, unnecessary reworking, and unethical behaviors such as cheating in the workplace. Adverse outcomes and how they have been addressed in contemporary organisations Deming outlined several adverse outcomes that happen in organization when managing performance. The contemporary organization address adverse outcomes in the following ways; first, the issue of unethical behaviors in the workplace is addressed in four different ways. The organization enforces codes of conduct, establishes a protocol, empower employees, and continuously review codes of conducts. The codes of conduct enable employees to figure appropriate behavior when in an organization or confronted with a situation. The code of conduct elaborates the protocol that has to be followed to report unethical behavior. Organizations also empower employees to easily identify unethical behaviors or ethics violations in the workplace. Contemporary organizations have to consciously review the code of conducts to ensure values of the organizations are maintained to enable management shape the organizational culture. Second is excessive internal competition. This adverse outcome is as a result o f individual employee strives to independently please the management for promotions, incentives, or bonus. These adverse outcome leads to compromising of the organization products quality. This adverse outcome is addressed by establishing groups in the organization. Employees are allocated different groups. These groups work as a team towards a common defined goal. Employees are therefore required to work in collaboration to achieve a predetermined outcome. This reduces cases of unhealthy competition between employees and shifts the competition to teams. Competition as a team in an organization is commendable and enhances productivity of an organization. Collaboration also enhances sharing of organizational goals for the long term success of the organization. The third adverse outcome is fear in the organization. This adverse outcome is as a result of job insecurity due to inability to meet targets. Fear cause anxiety and leads to ineffectiveness of an employee (Gruman, and Saks, 20 11). The contemporary organizations empower employees to improve their performance and meet target. This involves continuous training to employees to enhance their ability to produce and meet set objectives by the management. This reduces anxiety from employees making them comfortable to work in the organization. The organizations also undertake assessment of the employees jobs to ensure that their skills and knowledge meet the tasks requirements. The fourth adverse outcome is organization system not getting to the root cause of the problems. This adverse outcome in organizations is as a result of not setting the right goals in the organization (Liao et al., 2009). The managers are immobile in the organization leading to a situation where they set goals in the process of developing performance plan with understanding what is happening in the workplace where employees are working in. These problems can be lack of skills, low morale, poor working conditions, or limited knowledge. Thes e problems can lead to ineffectiveness of an organization performance plan goals. The contemporary organizations are addressing this outcome by assessing employees skills and knowledge, setting of goals and getting ongoing feedback from employees (Dormann et al., 2013). This enables managers to move around the workplace and understand what is happen and problems that employees are having before setting a certain goal. Managers are therefore able to set goals that require teamwork to accomplish. This ensures that the set goals are attainable and enhance productivity and quality in the organization. Fifth, is nourishing of short term organizational performance. This advance outcome is as a result of organizations focusing on short term profits. Short term profits reduce the ability of the organization to perform in the future. Concentration on the short term performance for short term profits leads to organizations deferring maintenance and not investing on research for innovations an d invention in the organization (Clark, 2008). Short term performance therefore, inhibits the organizations ability by focusing on short term dividends and other returns. The contemporary organizations are addressing this by focusing on improving product quality and productivity. This ensures that the organization is not emphasizing on short term performance to have short term profit but rather investing in organizations productivity and quality of the products produced. The other adverse outcomes in the organization are rivalry and politics. Negative politics and continued rivalry lead to decreased employees morale and reduces job satisfaction. Bad rivalry in the organization causes emotional backlashes, backstabbing, rumors fictions by employees to defend their wounded self image. This leads to general bitterness, unhappiness, and frustrations in the workplace. These outcomes are addressed by contemporary organizations instituting good leadership that is able to monitor and direct employees actions towards a certain objectives. Leadership in this case involves closely monitoring to understand what is happening in the workplace and influencing actions to achieve the organization goals. Last it the demolishment of teamwork in the organization. This adverse outcome in performance management is as a result of individual performance plan. Organizations prepare individual performance plan where an employee is evaluated on specific goals. This demolishes teamwork in the organization since the action of one employee does not affect other colleagues. This situation reduces the ability of the organization to collaborate and deliver on common goals. This adversely affects the productivity and quality of the organizations products. The contemporary organizations are addressing demolishment of teamwork in the organization by putting everybody to work towards accomplishing transformation. The organizations work to break barriers that break down in different departments an d groups. The organizations also prepare group performance plan rather than individual performance plan. This enables employees to work as a team and be evaluated as a group that enhance collaboration and teamwork in the organization (Chen, and Huang, 2009). Conclusion From the research in this essay, Deming approach to performance management is still relevant to todays organizations. Demings finding can be applied to todays performance management by change of philosophy, leadership, and means of measuring success. Demings view that performance review leads organizations to nourish short term performance, demolish teamwork, build fear, destroys long term planning of the organization is true. Subjecting employees to individual performance review leads to unethical behaviors, excessive internal competition, rivalry, and politics. Performance review to an individual employee causes adverse outcomes on employee performance in the organization. Contemporary organizations should set the right goals, use the right measures, and concentrate on the right criteria when planning and implementing organizational performance review in the organization. Therefore, it can be concluded that performance review to an individual has adverse outcome while it commendabl e to groups because it enhances teamwork and enables the o0rganization to focus on improving productivity and quality. References Chen, C.J. and Huang, J.W., (2009). Strategic human resource practices and innovation performanceThe mediating role of knowledge management capacity. Journal of business research, 62(1), pp.104-114. Clark, R.C., 2008. Building expertise: Cognitive methods for training and performance improvement. John Wiley Sons. Chikkerur, S., Sundaram, V., Reisslein, M. and Karam, L.J., 2011. Objective video quality assessment methods: A classification, review, and performance comparison. IEEE transactions on broadcasting, 57(2), pp.165-182. Deming, W.E. and Edwards, D.W., (1982). Quality, productivity, and competitive position (Vol. 183). Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Center for advanced engineering study. Dormann, C.F., Elith, J., Bacher, S., Buchmann, C., Carl, G., Carr, G., Marquz, J.R.G., Gruber, B., Lafourcade, B., Leito, P.J. and Mnkemller, T., (2013). Collinearity: a review of methods to deal with it and a simulation study evaluating their performance. Ecography, 36(1), pp.27-46. Guest, D.E., (1997). Human resource management and performance: still searching for some answers. Human resource management journal, 21(1), pp.3-13. Gruman, J.A. and Saks, A.M., (2011). Performance management and employee engagement. Human Resource Management Review, 21(2), pp.123-136. Kaplan, H.C., Brady, P.W., Dritz, M.C., Hooper, D.K., Linam, W., Froehle, C.M. and Margolis, P., (2010). The influence of context on quality improvement success in health care: a systematic review of the literature. The Milbank quarterly, 88(4), pp.500-559. Langley, G.J., Moen, R.D., Nolan, K.M., Nolan, T.W., Norman, C.L. and Provost, L.P., (2009). The improvement guide: a practical approach to enhancing organizational performance. John Wiley Sons. Liao, H., Toya, K., Lepak, D.P. and Hong, Y., (2009). Do they see eye to eye? Management and employee perspectives of high-performance work systems and influence processes on service quality. Journal of Applied Psychology, 94(2), p.371. Scannell, L. and Gifford, R., (2017). Place attachment enhances psychological need satisfaction. Environment and Behavior, 49(4), pp.359-389.

Authenticity in Cultural Tourism Sites A Critical Discussion

Introduction The extent to which tourists search for authentic experiences in visiting new places and peoples has aroused much interest among tourism researchers and practitioners (Alberts Hazen 2010; Leonard 2011). Indeed, the search for authenticity has become a predominant trend powering tourism because contemporary tourists are looking for experiences that are not only unique as part of their pulsating and diverse world (Canadatourism.com 2006), but symbolize a break from the normal routines of everyday life (Leonard 2011).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Authenticity in Cultural Tourism Sites: A Critical Discussion specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Today, more than ever, a significant number of tourists are visiting historically significant sites, also known as cultural tourism sites, to expose themselves to novel information and experiences that satisfy their cultural needs (Landorf 2009). It has been demon strated in the literature that most tourists visit these sites due to their authentic experiences and integrity (Ivanovic 2008). However, with the concept of authenticity receiving wide-ranging following among this group of tourists, its ambiguity, limitations and lack of conceptual clarity continue to be increasingly exposed (Kelner 2006). As acknowledged by Wang (1999), critics are increasingly questioning its value and validity, citing the reason that the motivating agents for tourists’ experiences cannot be fully extrapolated in the realms of the conventional paradigm of authenticity. This paper explores the concept of authenticity as it relates to cultural tourism sites. The aim is to provide a critical understanding of whether it is important for cultural tourism sites to be authentic. Most important, the paper will attempt to add some new insights on the value of authenticity to cultural tourism sites. The paper will sample some cultural tourism sites to seek a deeper understanding of the concept of authenticity as it relates to these sites. Understanding the Concept of Authenticity Hillman (n.d.) notes that the concept of authenticity has evolved to become a guiding principle in tourism studies ever since it was brought into the limelight by Dean MacCannell. However, as noted in literature, authenticity is an ambiguous term that continues to resist definition (Kelner 2006), owing to both the vagueness of the concept and the cultural suppositions embedded in it (Alberts Hazen 2010). Despite the shortcomings in definition and conceptualization, available literature demonstrates the centrality and dominance of the concept not only in tourism development and research but also in affording unique experiences to tourists who wish to sample what other cultures have to offer (Ivanovic 2008). MacCannell (1976) cited in Alberts Hazen (2010) suggested that tourists have become increasingly disenchanted by the homogenization and contamination of tourist e xperiences and enthusiastically search for ‘authentic’ others who can afford real and unadulterated connections to the sites being visited.Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More MacCannell’s suggestion fails to illuminate the real meaning of authenticity or authentic experiences, but it definitely bolds the growing desire of contemporary tourists to seek experiences and products that are original and real, and are not tainted by impurities and perceptions of fakeness (Ivanovic 2008). In tourism terms, therefore, authenticity can be defined as â€Å"†¦a desired experience or benefit associated with certain types of tourism destinations†¦It is presumed to be the result of an encounter with true, un-commercialized, everyday life in a culture different than that of the visitor† (Ivanovic 2008, p. 321). Leonard (2011) identifies ‘authentic-s eeking’ tourists searching for real and unadulterated experiences and products not only as a leading growth area in the tourism sector but also one of the most popular across gender, age and sociodemographic groups. According to Alberts Hazen (2010), the notion of authenticity avails an opportunity for understanding how particular perspectives of location, time and culture attain more influence than others and direct decision-making paradigms about land use and tenure. Such ideas, according to these authors, are of substantial relevance to situations in which tourism practitioners, managers and other stakeholders protect heritage or cultural sites for tourist consumption. In such cases, it is always imperative to question whether the cultural tourism site or the tourist viewer is more dominant in delineating what is considered authentic (Ivanovic 2008). This issue can best be understood by framing the concept of authenticity as it relates to cultural tourism sites. Brief Ove rview of Cultural Tourism Sites Richards (1996) cited in Alberts Hazen (2010) defines cultural tourism as entailing the movement of people from their routine places of residence to cultural and heritage sites, with the view to share in the new experiences and satisfy their cultural desires. Available literature demonstrates that attractions drive tourism (Wang 1999), and cultural and heritage resources are ideally positioned to become the fastest growing tourist attractions as they encompass the exceptional characteristics of a place, are experiential in nature and assist in promoting the rich tapestry of a destination’s customs, values, ethnic backgrounds and landscapes (McKercher Yo 2006).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Authenticity in Cultural Tourism Sites: A Critical Discussion specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More As cultural tourism sites universally become of greater significance, tourism authoritie s and other relevant stakeholders have sought to highlight elements of local and regional heritage by a multiplicity of methodologies with the intention of emphasizing authentic connections between present and past landscapes, cultures and peoples, and so stimulate and inspire tourism (Alberts Hazen 2010). This view is reinforced by Ivanovic (2008), who suggests that the cultural and heritage resources available in a destination are not only positioned as the ‘turbines’ and the foundation for culture-based tourism development but are the principal justifications for culturally inspired tourism travel to the destination. It therefore follows that the inherent, authentic significance of cultural and heritage resources is the dominant pull ‘muscle’ behind what is primarily considered as tourism generating acumen of cultural or heritage destination. This intersection forms the basis for discussing the concept of authenticity as it relates to cultural tourism s ites. Authenticity Cultural Tourism Sites In recent years, there has been wide-ranging debate on whether cultural tourism sites should be authentic (Alberts Hazen 2010), and the significance or value of authenticity in heritage tourism (Connell Rugendyke 2010). While some scholars underline the centrality and dominance of authentic experiences in heritage or cultural tourism sites, others are of the opinion that the concept is only a mirage that does not have a place in modern tourism. This section aims to analyze whether it is important for cultural tourism sites to be authentic and the value of authenticity in these sites. Available literature demonstrates that â€Å"†¦heritage resource organizations that have advocated partnerships with heritage tourism have been explicit in their calls for authenticity† (Wiles Stoep 2007, p. 292). Indeed, authenticity is not only viewed as an engine of growth and prosperity for many heritage sites but also as a necessary prerequi site for their survival and differentiation from other tourist attractions. To be considered for listing as a World Heritage site by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), for instance, cultural heritage sites must pass the test of â€Å"integrity† and/or â€Å"authenticity†, not mentioning that they must be of exceptional universal value (Alberts Hazen 2010). This then implies that such properties must be able to primarily promote the true story of an area, alongside providing real value and objective appeal to visitors who desire to visit the sites.Advertising Looking for essay on communications media? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More A strand of existing literature (e.g., Wang 1999; Alberts Hazen 2010; McKercher Yo 2006) acknowledges that cultural tourism sites must have the capacity to provide objective, constructive and existential authenticity. In his seminal works on Authenticity and Tourism Experience, Wang (1999) argues that objective authenticity entails a traditional or conservative usage of the concept to denote an original object or product as the principle source of desired experiences by tourists. Wiles Stoep (2007) reinforce this view by suggesting that cultural tourism sites should be able to provide authenticity as an objective reality by stressing historic preservation and presentation of tangible, authentic products and artifacts to tourists. Consequently, as noted by Ivanovic (2008), authenticity and distinctiveness as the dominant source of new cultural experiences and learning point to an overriding causal association between the critical aspects of an object or product of cultural tourism and gratification with the individual unique experience obtained from such consumption. These assertions lend credibility to the fact that it is of fundamental importance for cultural tourism sites to be authentic. In their contribution to the debate on Authentic Tourist Sites, Connell Rugendyke (2010) acknowledge that changes toward heritage tourism have resulted in the rejuvenation of culture and traditions, as well as development of tourist attractions that are to a large extent considered as authentic (re)presentations of ancient sceneries and peoples. These authors cite the Glen Innes region in northern New South Wales as a major cultural tourist site that projects objective authenticity. For almost two decades, this region has asserted itself as the Celtic Country, with its magnificent standing stones, the stone monument, and predominantly Scottish culture. The basis for this Celtic Country link, according to these authors, derives from the fact that the Scots settled in Gle n Innes town of Australia in 1838, and their tradition and culture has been authentically maintained and preserved to date. Consequently, Glen Innes has managed to claim a leading position in Australian tourism, with its name being perceived by cultural visitors as a key link to uniqueness, distinctiveness and supported by a historical fact (Connell Rugendyke 2010). It is imperative to note that these attributes are the hallmark of objective authenticity, primarily because the authentic experience is triggered by the recognition of toured objects and products as authentic. Consequently, the importance of cultural tourist sites to be authentic cannot be ignored. Alberts Hazen (2010) acknowledge that â€Å"†¦authenticity is ascribed to a heritage resource that is materially original or genuine as it was constructed and as it has aged and weathered in time† (p. 60). For example, the cultural landscapes of Maasai Mara in Kenya and the intangible heritage of the Maasai peop le continue to attract millions of foreign tourists to the region due to the authentic nature of the experience (Leonard 2011). The practices, representations and expressions which the Maasai recognize as part of their cultural heritage, coupled with the original and genuine cultural landscape in Savannah Africa, continue to provide unique experiences to tourists who pay huge sums of money in their desire not only to experience a different way of life but also to be part of a meaningful, quality educational experience. Here, it is important to note that experiences are directly associated with the intensity of authenticity preserved in the products (Ivanovic 2008, p. 322). For example, travelers visiting the Constitution Hill Prison are likely to experience a deep sense of empathy when they learn about the anguish of prisoners in the now-preserved heritage site. These insights demonstrate the importance of cultural tourism sites to remain authentic. Some cultural tourism sites come in the form of historic monuments or sites conceived as a work of art (Alberts Hazen 2010). For example, the Statue of Liberty, Arlington National Cemetery, and the Liberty Bell are all historic monuments located in the United States, and which receive a significant number of cultural travelers annually (Leonard 2011). In the United Kingdom, Stonehenge, the tower of London and the Trafalgar Square are historic monuments and sites that continue to attract millions of travelers each year in a desire to achieve a unique and distinctive experience (Adams 2012). In all these sites and monuments, being authentic can be understood within the realm of an imaginative process entailing the production of these objects as genuine in time and space, and the effects of their passage through historical era (Alberts Hazen 2010; Yeoman et al 2007). This can be understood as objective authenticity, implying that it is important for such sites and historic monuments to be authentic. There exists ano ther dimension of authenticity known as constructive authenticity. Debate is ongoing about the relative value of constructive authenticity to cultural and heritage sites and responses have been varied on its relationship to cultural tourist sites (Shen 2011). According to Ivanovic (2008), constructive authenticity refers to the authenticity anticipated in toured cultural or heritage products by tourists or tourism stakeholders in terms of their similes, values, expectations, inclinations, beliefs, powers etc. The school of thought believes there exist a variety of versions of authenticities concerning the same object and, correspondingly, authenticity can only be perceived as a socially constructed interpretation of the realness of toured objects or products (Shen 2011). Put in another way, this notion of authenticity assumes that every single object or a product can be presented and interpreted in diverse ways depending on the interpreter’s point of view, values, beliefs, pe rspectives or powers (Wang 1999). When this notion of authenticity is illuminated under the prism of cultural tourism sites, it can be argued that the actual interface between host community and tourists creates the notion of authenticity toward toured cultural and heritage objects (Shen 2011). This interface forms the basis for the tourists to construct the authenticity of the toured object through subjective means depending on their beliefs and attitudes; that is, the meaning and interpretation of the cultural settings vary depending on the contexts and the individual tourists. For example, two tourists visiting the Tower of London in Britain may have diverse interpretations of its authenticity depending on their points of view, beliefs, attitudes, values or expectations. However, the subjective interpretations do not imply that authenticity is not central to forming the unique experiences desired by tourists, thus its importance in relation to cultural tourist sites. Wang (1999) introduces yet another typology by suggesting that people may visit heritage sites not because they find toured objects and products authentic but simply because they desire to engage in new and more fulfilling activities and experiences, away from the limitations of their everyday lives. Here, the deviation from everyday life to experience something new triggers a stimulating experience that makes individuals to think that they are much more authentic and more liberally self-articulated by engaging in tourist activities and by sampling new cultures and way of life. A strand of existing literature (e.g., Landorf 2009; Wang 1999) refers to this type of authenticity as existential because it is not achieved by touring the objects and products in the heritage site; rather, it comes as an existential state of being primarily activated by tourist activities. It is often difficult to relate this typology of authenticity to cultural tourist sites as it reframes authenticity in terms of the tourists rather than the toured cultural or heritage products. However, some scholars have argued that this form of authenticity not only enhances self-actualization but also enhances consumption of experiences derived from the external sphere of cultural tourism (Leonard 2011; Yeoman et al 2007). Conclusion This paper has sufficiently discussed the broad topic of authenticity and demonstrated how this concept relates to cultural tourism sites. It has been demonstrated that tourists highly value encounters and experiences with ‘authentic’ others, prompting the subject to become a dominant agenda for tourism study (Wang 1999). The various typologies of authenticity have been comprehensively discussed, with objective authenticity coming out as the critical guiding principle in explaining why cultural tourism sites need to be authentic. However, other typologies, namely constructive and existential authenticity, have provided useful insights into understanding the concept of authenticity and how it relates to heritage and cultural sites. This paper opens up broad prospects for cultural tourism sites to justify and increasingly adopt and reinforce authenticity as the foundation of tourist motivations. Reference List Adams, S., 2012, Historic monuments in England.  Web. Alberts, H. C. Hazen, H. D., 2010, ‘Maintaining authenticity and integrity at cultural world heritage sites’, Geographical Review, vol. 100 no. 1, pp. 56-73. Canadatourism. 2006, Authenticity – what do they (tourists) really want? Web. Connell, J. Rugendyke, B., 2010, ‘Creating an authentic tourist site? The Australian standing stones, Glen Innes’, Australian Geographer, vol. 41 no. 1, pp. 87-100. Hillman, W., Revisiting the concept of (objective) authenticity.  Web. Ivanovic, M., 2008, Cultural tourism, Cape Town: Juta Company, Ltd. Kelner, S., 2006, Narrative construction of authenticity in pilgrimage touring, Paper presented at the 96th Annual meeting of the American Sociological Association Anaheim, California. Web. Landorf, C., 2009, ‘Managing for sustainable tourism: A review of six cultural world heritage sites’, Journal of Sustainable Tourism, vol. 17 no. 1, pp. 53-70. Leonard, M., 2011, ‘A tale of two cities: authentic tourism in Belfast’, Irish Journal of Sociology, vol. 19 no. 2, pp. 111-126. McKercher, B., Ho, P. S. Y., 2006, ‘Assessing the tourism potential of smaller cultural and heritage attractions’, Journal of Sustainable Tourism, vol. 14 no. 5, pp. 473-488. Shen, M. J., 2011, ‘The effects of globalized authenticity on souvenir’, International Journal of Innovative Management, Information Production, vol. 2 no. 1, pp. 68-76. Wang, N., 1999, ‘Rethinking authenticity in tourism experience’, Annals of Tourism Research, vol. 26 no. 2, pp. 349-370. Wiles, C., Stoep, G. V., 2007, Considerations of historical authenticity in heritage tourism plann ing and development, Proceedings of the 2007 northeastern recreation research symposium GTR-NRS-P-23. Web. Yeoman, I., Brass, D. McMahon-Beattie, U., 2007, ‘Current Issue in Tourism: The authentic tourist’, Tourism Management, vol. 28, pp. 1128-1138. This essay on Authenticity in Cultural Tourism Sites: A Critical Discussion was written and submitted by user Vivienne Wall to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Use of Technologies in Education

The Use of Technologies in Education Technology, by its broadest meaning, has a very important role in today’s classrooms. The application of that technology, however, must be carefully and strategically implemented in order to be of meaningful value to both teachers and pupils. Throughout history, there have been various inventions of technologies, which have brought about revolutionary changes.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Use of Technologies in Education specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Technology continually changes our world in outstanding ways, observable from the Sumerians’ invention of the first ever-documented writing system of cuneiform, the Egyptians’ invention of the papyrus, the comparatively more recent inventions of the printing press, television, computers, and the internet. Even the casual definition of the word technology has undergone various transformations over time. According to Noah Webster who is consi dered to have been among the founding fathers of education in America, technology stood for the â€Å"description of arts, or a treatise on the arts.† (Webster, 1828). Today, technology is defined as the practical application of knowledge, especially in a particular area (Cuban, 1998). In the educational setting, technology is referenced as â€Å"whatever the most advanced technologies are available for teaching and learning in a particular area.† (Pea, 1998). With this kind of understanding, one can then confidently assume that technology in the classroom today obviously includes the use of computers, digital media, and the Internet. Although the use of technology in schools has brought some significant improvements, we must ask some multifaceted questions regarding its use (Cuban, 1998). This paper seeks to discuss some of the ways in which television and other mass media has affected students, schools, and education in general. The paper will also seek to look at so me of the pros and cons of using technologies in education. There is no doubt that the mass media plays a significant role in shaping the ideas of school age children. One area where the mass media has really influenced the education sector has been in the dissemination of information concerning gender violence. Although this is not directly linked with the school curriculum, there is no denying that it is an important subject even among students. Indeed, the relationship between gender and violence is complex. The different roles and behaviors of females and males, children as well as adults, are shaped and reinforced by gender norms within society and as expected, this are inherited at the early stages of life. This is the reason why those fighting against gender based violence work with schoolchildren before gender attitudes and behaviors are deeply rooted (Spring, 1982).Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15 % OFF Learn More In schools, media interventions such as the use of television, radio, Internet, newspapers, magazines and other published publications have been found to effect change within schoolchildren (Spring, 1982). These media tools have been found to increase knowledge, challenge attitudes and modify behavior. Media interventions have also been found to alter social norms and values among schoolchildren (e.g. the belief that masculinity is associated with aggression) through public discussions and social interaction. Media campaigns have proved to be successful in increasing knowledge of intimate partner violence and influencing attitudes towards gender violence. In many parts of the world, the use of television and radio has been used in schools to promote social change for improving sexual and reproductive health. Indeed educators have proved that such programs leads to a positive change in attitudes towards gender equity, among those exposed to it (Cuban, 1998). Additionally, the use of computers in school has greatly influenced the teaching of communication skills in schools. Indeed, there is no denying that communication has become increasingly computerized and electronic. This has called for the need to revise the use of the traditional models of learning in this area. Some English educators suggest that using multimedia technology for teaching literary texts can give students a critical way of approaching sign systems and visual symbols. For example, hypermedia can be used to critically respond to literature using print, visuals, video, sound, and links to websites. Computers have also helped English scholars to expand ‘deep reading’ of media to include ‘deep viewing’ of visual media. This has provided English students with critical skills on how to deconstruct mass media messages and practical skills to construct their own persuasive, multi-media communications (Spring, 1982). Although technology is av ailable in all areas of education, the question that we should ask ourselves is whether all the aspects of education require the use of education for them to be effective (Cuban, 1998).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Use of Technologies in Education specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More There is no denying that some ages, disciplines and learning styles are better suited to different, non-technological learning methods. It is clear, therefore, to have clear goals regarding the use of technology in the classroom, just as we must have clear goals and solutions for how to achieve particular outcomes in all disciplines, with both the presence and absence of technology (Cuban, 1998). Another con of using technology in schools is the high cost involved. All of us will agree that most of the hardware and software used in our schools today needs major capital investments but it becomes obsolete within a very short time. Add itionally, the proliferation of the home computers, which are intrinsically less expensive to update creates the possibility of the classroom computers becoming largely mediocre to the student’s home computer, thus lowering the value of instruction on the classroom computer. There is also no doubt that some goals are better achieved through non-technological methods. The stages of learning and of cognitive development largely remain unchanged even in an increasingly technologically advanced society. The use of computers should largely be used for play especially in young children whose cognitive development requires a multi sensory approach that is unrealistic to create through technology (Pea, 1998). Apart from modeling unhealthy sexual behaviors, the mass media has been found to negatively influence other aspects of teens’ physical and psychological well-being. Research suggests that media portrayals of unrealistic body images negatively impact teens’ self-est eem (Pea, 1998). Teens, especially young females, become discontent with their bodies and may develop unhealthy eating behaviors in an attempt to achieve media-ideal body types. Although family and social relationships also have an influence, teens learn about society and sexual relationships from visual media images portraying body types, clothing, and other cultural norms. Although the use of such visuals may not be present in the mass media incorporated in schools, students will still believe the information they get from the media at home since its use has already been endorsed in the school setting (Pea, 1998).Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Having said that, there is no denying that technologies can help us to pose and give answers to basic questions that can lead to fundamental breakthroughs in learning and education. Technology places at our fingertips the most immense access to knowledge and information that any society has ever known. Indeed, psychologists have affirmed that the use of some media tools such as blogs can promote critical and analytical thinking. Additionally, such media tools can be a powerful promoter of creative, intuitive, and associational thinking as well as promote analogical thinking. Using media tools such as the internet can also act as a medium for increasing access and exposure to quality information (Cuban, 1998). Ultimately, the effective implementation of the media in the classroom creates a bridge between school and world by allowing students to intellectually interact with peers, teachers and professionals on a global level. The media by its very nature of supporting diverse learning styles helps in fostering the deeper understanding and greater readiness for lifelong learning. Apart from the students, the use of technology also gives a new approach to teacher professional development. Despite the disadvantages associated with the use of technology in schools, we cannot ignore its use in classrooms. Instead, we should find effective ways to implement educational technology in this Information Age (Cuban, 1998). Conclusion In the recent past, the use of different media tools has found its way in to our classrooms. This has been by way of television, radios, computers and even the internet. The benefits of using technology in our schools are innumerable. By a large part, these media tools have been used to carry on campaigns that have helped to change the thinking pattern and even some behavior in our society. Despite these benefits, there is no denying that the use of technology in learning institutions poses some problems. This is true especially for young chil dren whose cognitive development is largely dependent on a multi sensory approach that is unrealistic to create through technology. Despite these disadvantages, we cannot ignore the use of technology and instead, we should work hard to devise effective ways that can be used to implement educational technology in this Information Age. References Cuban, L. (1998). The Pros and Cons of Technology in the Classroom. Web. Pea, R. (1998). The Pros and Cons of Technology in the Classroom. Web. Spring, J. (1982). Images of American Life: A History of Ideological Management in Schools, Movies, Radio, and Television. New York: Albany. Webster, Noah. (1828). First Edition of an American Dictionary of the English  Language. Massachusetts: Merriam Company.

Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 2

Case Study Example It is more risky and mosly concerned with starting companies. This is a speculative form of investment which helps firms and individual to gain some interest on money which could otherwise be idle. Market bonds also help firms to diversify investment in the capital market. These bonds help companies to raise finances from the public and help the government to regulate inflation. Individuals buy share from the stock market to become shareholders through investment, for example n pension and insurance schemes. The investor should always know that the value of shares can increase or fall. Stocks and shares however still provide opportunities for personal investment. Stock market is a way by which firms can raise funds. Through share, ownership of the company is exchanged with money from investors. This is a strategy which can be used by a company to regain its competitive edge in the market. Company restructuring may involve management restructuring, name restructuring and functional restructuring. Proper restructuring is a good competition strategy in a highly competitive or oligopolistic market. These are growth strategies which most firms use to reduce competition and gain bigger market share. Merger is when one firm enters in to partnership with another so that they can utilize each other’s strength for the benefit of both. Acquisition is when a firm buys another firm out of the market. Risk is a negative occurrence in the course of investment which is known with certain level of probability. Risk affects investment choices and levels in terms of capital. Return is just what is ripped from any form of investment. Net present value is an investment decision rule used by different investors to determine the worth of investment. When net present value is positive, then the investment is worth (Brown. P.G et al,

Do not need to divide it Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Do not need to divide it - Coursework Example If it is used to store an account object, it is known as the domain container. In certain cases it is used to indicate the Windows structure by means of the concerned directory. (Schmidt 2008) The domain structure has gone through various changes and the environment and structure of Windows has changed when compared to the past. The domain structure depends on the operating system and hence the domain structure must be modified each time the operating system is changed. Windows domain is completely different from that of other operating systems. Initially domains had the ability to store the user accounts pertaining to a company. But this often led to problems related to data access, since the company in a different city was deprived of its chances to access the required data. (Tiensivu 2008) In this stage, Microsoft altered the usage of domains by introducing domain trusts that helped in the easy access of data. The domain trusts help the employees to access the data only if they ar e directed form a trusted domain source. In this case, the domain which allows the access is known as trusting domain. In the initial stages of development, domains were individual components that were isolated from each other. The changes in the Windows environment changed the entire structure of domain and created a separate structure for these domains. The Windows NT domain structure is completely different from that of Windows 2000, 2003 or 2008. (Posev 2007) The use of domains does not end with database account management; instead they are also used for resource management. The domain structure includes domain controllers and domain name spaces. Domain names are initialized by the Domain Name Servers (DNS) which acts as an intermediary between the systems in a network. The use of domains and their structure varies according to the operating system. (Comer 2006) Domain Structure The domain structure is composed of several domains where they are considered in a hierarchical patte rn. The domains are grouped into a single tree with a root domain. Even a single domain can be made into a tree by including the sub domains from other systems. If the numbers of domains are more, then they are treated as a forest where the first domain is known as forest root. The domain trusts also form a part of the domain structure. In simple terms domain trusts are described as the relationship between two different domains. (McNab 2007) The trust relationship might be either one way where one domain permits the users to access another domain, or two ways where users have the accessibility to both the domains involved in the trust relationship. Role of Domain Structure Windows 2008 allows both one way and two way trust relationship between the domains. In this way it is advantageous, since the users can have an access to both the databases. Cross link, transitive and explicit are the other types of trust relationships that can be established between the domains. The next import ant aspect of domain structure is the domain controller. The domain member of a tree can be made as a domain controller by specifying certain commands. This domain controller manages the other domains in the system. It ensures that the domains perform their operations in a proper manner. (McClure 2009) Windows operating system uses Primary Data Controller(PDC) (McNab, 2007) which controls the entire operations of the domains included in the system structure. Windows can

Engaging parents and fathers in their children's early learning Essay

Engaging parents and fathers in their children's early learning - Essay Example For instance, the ministries and departments of education and child welfare have been in the forefront of funding projects that gather, assess, and analyze existing knowledge and best practices that would encourage other educational and learning stakeholders to work with and involve parents in young children’s learning (Desforges, 2003). This paper explores the subject of involving parents, more so fathers in children’s early learning. Many educationists concur that the importance of parental involvement in children’s early learning cannot be overemphasized. The first reason for this assertion is that parents are children’s first and most enduring educators. Thus, by working together with other child welfare and development practitioners, parents play a rather critical role in and have a positive impact on their children’s early learning and development. This positive impact of parental involvement stems from the fact that the time and activities shared among parents and children not only affect the children’s social and intellectual development but also their emotional development (Desforges, 2003). It is therefore imperative that parents understand that children’s early learning requires more than just being parents but requires them to take an active role in the children’s early learning. There are several parental factors infringing on or affecting a children’s early learning. These factors include parents’ socioeconomic status, education level and living conditions, which have direct bearing on a child’s early learning activities and outcomes. Nonetheless, more important than the above factors is the quality of a child’s home learning environment. Although parents may not have achieved a lot educationally and might be living in disadvantaged environment and circumstance, their regular engagement in their children’s early learning activities has

How Does Culture Affect Media?

How Does Culture Affect Media? Assignment question: How culture affect media, and media affect culture? Discuss. Introduction How culture affect media and media affect culture? Today in the twenty-first century, there is no doubt that with the social development media and culture have an intimate relationship, which can interactive affect each other. Media culture is the dominant form of culture which socializes us and provides materials for identity in terms of both social reproduction and change. Media can be any means of communication to influence the public broadly, such as television,newspaper,magazines, internet and other communications ways. Media is becoming to an essential part of our social life today. In my opinion, culture is more difficult to define. I found a definition, which is more accurate, is that â€Å"Culture is symbolic communication. Some of its symbols include a groups skills, knowledge, attitudes, beliefs,values, hierarchies and motives. The meanings of the symbols are learned and deliberately perpetuated in a society through its institutions.† In the definition of media and culture both mentioned about communication that can be the most important element for media and culture. It is undeniable that media and culture have an interactive impact for each other. In this subject I am willing to introduce how culture affect the media in the first part, I will describe culture affect media through two aspects which are technological development and different country culture. Then the second part I want to argue how media affect culture through some positive factors and negative factors that media not only bring cultural communication to people, but also may bring some destructive influences on culture. Culture affect media Culture has a huge impact on media communication ways and adoption. I have a point of view that media rapid development and the rise of new media are the result of the cultural needs of people. Science and technology culture Science and technology culture is a significant factor to promote media development. Media technology which enables communication has evolved with time because of the ever-accelerated updating of science and technology. 1. Newspaper Newspaper can be the main communication way in the recent period. Because written communication flourishes of ongoing technology, for instance, the invention of paper and the printing press. Also with the massive use of paper, newspaper as a carrier became the earliest mass media in the world. That read the news on newspaper was nearly the only way for people who want to take the latest information before the invention of television. 2. Television The invention of television was no single event or series of events. It depends on a complex of inventions of development in electricity, telegraphy, photography and motion pictures and radios. It can say to a big step of technology progressive advance. The first TV’s came back In the 1920’s accredited to Scotsman John Baird, then later on in the 1960’s color TV took off, a way of enhancing the viewing experience bringing the viewer closer to the real thing. Television directly leaded to a global media revolution when television started popularized to the average people around the world. Television use electric to transmit active visual image that can let more carrier such as television news, drama and even advertisements can spread information to more people. 3. Internet The advent of the Internet created a new media age after the traditional media. Media communication ways not only be limited to four traditional media of newspaper, magazine, television and radio. The beginnings of computer networks with the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPAnet) project in 1969 created by the United States Department of Defense. But the Internet actually began to rapid development and commercialization in 1990’s. For example, many valuable and well-known websites such as Google, eBay and Amazon established in 1990’s. After that, the world entered into the network age in the twenty-first century. New media gradually replace the power of traditional media due to the grow up in the cyberculture, also the impact of traditional media is diminishing slowly now. The ever-accelerated updating of science and technology brings a new media heyday for people. In addition, the rise of social media is fast and prosperous on the Internet and smart phone. Social media can be any website, technology or apps to allow people to write, share, discuss and communication. And social media is a platform or tool that people share ideas, experiences and perspectives with each other. And the Apps on the smart phone provided more opportunities to develop social media. I think that the smart phone is a great contribution of science and technological culture, which can changes people ‘s lifestyle and makes the mode of transmission more convenient. The invention of smart phone also accelerates the development of new media. Media structure is constantly changing, we never know how the media will change in the future with the technological progress. Science and technology culture is just one reason affect media. Cultural differences People have different behaviors, beliefs, attitudes, values, hierarchy and religions by cultural differences. I will focus on how different country culture and religious culture affect media next. 1. Different country culture At first, different country cultures always affect media. It is common that people usually have the similar way of thinking in the same country. Nevertheless, different counties must their own culture and lifestyles. So for media, the attitude of government can influence how people to think about media. The media control of government is a very important reason that impact the development of the media in some ways. We can through compare the Chinese media and western media to show the differentiation of media culture between different countries. Western media have the free press that they can report the news more objectives and rational. Government can allow media provide various views to them due to the capitalist system. Media can make a comment on their state leaders or an act of government to their options. In America, media sometimes will make some fun of their president Obama even they will criticize him some conduct if they think it is improper or incorrect. Western media be relaxed and have uncontrolled freedom of speech in the overall environment. But it is rarely possible to happen in China. China is one of only a few remaining socialist countries in the world. That is a unique existence when the world almost combines into a globalization capitalist system. It is exactly because of this socialist culture that Chinese media have been in a very embarrassing situation. The Chinese government has long kept tight reins on both traditional and new media to avoid potential subversion of its authority. Its tactics often entail strict media controls using monitoring systems and firewalls, shuttering publications or website. Chinese media still do not have freedom of speech even they have already improved this situation a lot due to social progress and the development of new media now. Chinese media always report the positive coverage for the reports which involved government. And the attitude of Chinese media is never can say the bad words against the Communist party and government. Especially the traditional media is fully controlled by the government. But the rapid development of the Internet helps people to get more information sources from new media. As a whole, because China is a single-party system country, government will still strictly control the media speech and I think it will be difficult to loosen the control in the future. Socialist culture can be the most important reason to affect the media in China. 2. Religious culture Secondly, religious culture also will affect people have different attitudes for media. The power of religious culture is formidable and unexpected for believers. The core values of religion are beliefs which can affect people’s ideology. But the news generally will involve religious issues sometimes. Inevitably, Media and religions usually have conflicts because some radical words will burn some believers which is religious extremist force up. Some media will yield to the pressures of religions and avoid to mention the sensitive topic of religious culture. Nevertheless, some media not afraid of religious forces. They believe no one can kill their ideas. I want to give an example that everyone must be heard the Charlie Hebdo shooting accident. It is appalling that three heavily armed masked gunmen opened fire in the Paris office of French satirical magazine Charlie Hebdo on Jan 7th, 2015. It resulted in the death of 12 people, including four cartoonists. Gunmen reportedly shou ted We have avenged the Prophet! When they stormed the office. Charlie Hebdo was found in 1970. It uses satire to target politicians, police, bankers and religion with its inflammatory headlines and garish cartoons. This magazine has repeatedly caricatured Muslims and their beliefs finally cause this appalling accident. But many people around the world support Charlie Hebdo to resist this attack and they think Charlie Hebdo can be a symbol of the freedom of speech. People have different beliefs make religious culture sometimes are controversial. Some media ignore to report the religious issues just because they are afraid of the religious extremist force pay attention to them. Media must be more careful to report the topic of religious culture. Media affect culture Nowadays, the rapid development of the media has a huge impact on the communication of cultural exchange in the whole world. For mass media, the paper media started an extensive cultural impact from the beginning, then the digital media significantly affect the cultural communication in the twenty-first century. Although the traditional media have some limitation and unidirectional in some ways to transmit information. But new media have brought a digital communication age for the world, which can eliminate the obstacle of time and space via the media. I willing to focus on how new media affect culture in the following paragraphs. Online culture Online culture has formed from the development of the Internet and new media. An increasingly wide range of information, ways of business, services and entertainment are now commonly make available and accessed online or through digital media. The Internet is regarded as being unique and offering something they cannot get elsewhere. Online culture is an information culture based on the Internet without national boundaries and region. People enjoy the equality, freedom and virtual of the online information. As far as I concerned, media not only has many positive influences on online culture, but also has some negative impacts on it. 1. Communication and exchange Firstly, online culture brings the convenient and efficient communication and exchange for people through constantly the development of the Internet media. In the past, people maybe need to spend a lot of time searching the information before the rise of new media. But now people can find everything they want on the Google. Google is a carrier that has indexed billions of pages and makes it easy for you to find a website or page in an instant. It is no exaggeration to say that Google almost contain the culture of the whole world. Then Wikipedia provide an enormous knowledge network for people as the largest single source of free information in the world. I believe that Google and Wikipedia are irreplaceable media for the developmental progress of online culture. For instance, if we want to learn some information about America history, we will just have to open the Google website and enter the search keywords, then we can find the information in the Wikipedia website that we no longe r need to take some times to find and read books. Personally, all online media fully embody how online culture produce convenience and efficiency to people. Nevertheless, online culture is a double-edged sword. The past fifteen years weve made significant advances in technology. The internet became more popular and then we use many social media to online chat. Now we live in a digital age where almost every people use laptops, smart phone and iPad. Do you feel close to people or further away when we cannot separated from the social media? I dont know how many times Ive sat down in a room full of people and have seen nobody talking to one another. Ill see several people sitting there on their phone or other type of mobile distraction. People are increasingly lack of face to face communication, even always playing smart phone while friends meeting. Stop your smart phone addiction, we should look up at the real world what you are missing around you. Maybe we cannot deny new media bring too many contributions and conveniences for our life and culture, but I hope people can also find some good things around us in the real world instead of alw ays use smart phone and indulge in online culture. 2. The decline of traditional culture Secondly, the rapid development of new media actually impacts some existence of the traditional culture. Online culture is gradually becoming dominant culture while the communication media are continually going through significant transformations in the age of the Internet. However, facing the online culture rising, traditional culture is slowly declining is a crisis that new media bring to us. Because along with the e-book and various apps popularized, which people can finish those all thing just on their phones or computers, there are fewer and fewer people willing to use dictionaries, read newspapers or go to bookstores. I can understand the media development can be a mirror of social progress, but I am not willing to see the decline of reading from paper even many bookstores face collapse. In my hometown, my favorite bookstore has moved to a place where more faraway but have cheaper rent. They cannot pay the expensive rent due to the decline of customers and profits. Although we cannot stop the ever-accelerated development of society, but I hope more people can realize that we need to protect and retain our culture. Children This chapter describes the negative and positive effects of media on children. Computer and other media use can influence children’ s neurological development, cognitive development, sexual behavior, attitudes, knowledge and perceptions of self as well as involving the use of substances such as drugs and alcohol. The positive impact is media produce many learning opportunities to study all aspects of knowledge, and also media enrich the space time of children’ s life. However, negative media effects for children cannot be ignored. For example, children who view a large amount of violent programming, can become desensitized to the violence and become more aggressive in their own play and other behavior. Furthermore, media have negative effects on the health of the children. Children spend too much time listening MP3 will impact their hearing and use phone or computer for a long time will give children decreased vision. In my opinion, parents should encourage children rea d more books and do some outdoors sports. Economic effects New media have already formed industrial clusters to produce the huge effects of social economy and culture. Under the information-based society and market economies conditions, new media became the most important way for the modern economy to keep information communication with the social environment and the target public. In an era of information surplus, If the companies want to survive and development, they will be able to convey the product message to target audience effectively. Today because people devote a significant amount of their daily time to digital channels, the Internet has become a highly precise, interactive mass medium. New media can produce the best possible result for economic effects in public information communications. Business advertising on various digital media, such as search engines, email, social media and Apps. Advertisements make a contribution to business economics and bring great benefits to media at the same time. In addition, the advent of new media also brings the new culture of economic industry, which represented by internet industry, mobile communication industry and digital media industry. Especially, the continuous expansion of the scale of the new media drives the development of other relevant industries, such as website construction, website maintenance, content provide, technical service and other industry developments. New media give a new pattern for economic culture. Cultural globalization Media cross the distance between the people around the world to bring a globalized world for us. Cultural globalization is the inevitable result of social progress. But It is undeniable that the new media is an important role to promote the culture becomes more globalization and cultural fusion. In my opinion, culture has become more globalization with a variety of ways since World War two. Media make the range of cultural communication more broadly. Whatever the traditional media or new media, they both bring culture to people around the world. Social media is one of them have great impact for the communication of culture. The advent of social media makes information sources this proper noun becomes popular. Social media provide an equal and public platform for all people, including government, media, companies, personal and so on that everyone can release the information and see the information on the social media platform. If this platform becomes globalization, it will make people to share the various information and culture more convenient around the world. We are increasingly both bound together and separated by the globalized networks of information communication technology. Regardless of what kind of social media, such as Facebook, YouTube, Google and Twitter, they all play an increasing role in cultural integration and this influence of globalization. Facebook can be a good example to show how social media affects culture. Facebook is the biggest social media website in the world. This social media website has gradually changed people’s life since it founding in 2004. Facebook be successfully developed to have global users, then it resulted in the globalization of information and more cultural exchange. Different cultures are connecting and integrating while people from different places are communicating with each other on Facebook.