The Role Of Governments Play An Important Role Of Business...

‘Governments play an important role in business innovation.’ Discuss in relation to two sectors. Introduction It is a common notion that it is primarily the private sector that drives innovation and economic growth, while the government, at best, plays only organization role in ‘fixing market failures’. Under this myth lies a different story, where some of the best advanced economies in the world have been shaped directly by government ¬ led investments. By not being capable to recognize the government as a source for major business innovation we run the risk of economic stagnation and the loss of inventive new technology. In publication, (Mariana Mazzucato 2013) reveals how the state, through direct funding to high  ¬risk areas and mission  ¬oriented planning, has provided boost leading to the development of new technologies and sectors. She debates that key technological revolutions, from the internet to biotech, to echo tech today, have required an active ‘entrepreneurial government’ that is willing to invest in innovation – and that economists have no words to describe this process of government led market creation. For the bright future, we should understand that Innovation is the central issue in economic prosperity and it’s not the case previously when it was government versus private sector but now both work hand in hand for innovative tomorrow. Government has impact of its working, policies on over every sector industry dealing with country. I would discuss theShow MoreRelatedThe Role Of Finance As A Driver Of Innovation1144 Words   |  5 Pagesalso affect on innovation performance. The age of the employees and RD outlay/innovation has negative relation. Also larger share of female employees in workforce increases the innovation performance of the employees whereas higher share of part-time employees has a negative share with the innovation performance (Wagner, 2012)Companies with fewer than five employees were important source of innovation in the industry (Jelling, agust 2016) FINANCE Finance has an important role to play in all typesRead MoreWhat Does The Study of Regional Economy Teach Us?1436 Words   |  6 Pagesurban, rural, or regional problems. It involves the study of spatial patters to analyze the economic factors of a region. The study of regional science is necessary to improve the economy in todays competitive global market. This study helps the government organizations to identify and make efficient use of public resources by implementing best practices to meet the expectations of the general public. The primary goal of regional science is to frame an economic development policy to improve the economicRead MoreEssay On Politics And Policy912 Words   |  4 Pagesundergoing transformations regarding technology, and a wide range of developments have been made in this field. In this regard, different companies have embraced the utilization of technology as a means of expansion and smooth operation. Different governments have enforced a variety of techn ological moves to help run countries smoothly and protect their nations against attacks and espionage. For example, people can now interact easily and comfortably via social media without the need to have a face-to-faceRead MoreIs Turkey A Free Enterprise Economic System?776 Words   |  4 Pagesargued in The Wealth of Nations that the free-enterprise economic system, all over the world encourages entrepreneurship because it permits individual s freedom to create and produce. This is not the case always, for example the culture plays an important role in this entrepreneurial process. Turkey has a stable economic and political conditions, variety of industries are performing well in the domestic market, the customers are early adopters which are all good signs for entrepreneurship, but onlyRead MoreBotswanas Economy Depends on Diamond Mining1286 Words   |  6 Pages1. INTRODUCTION It is a well-known fact that Botswana’s economy is based on mineral resources especially diamonds. As such since the 2008 economic meltdown, the diamond market has not thrived as well as it used to, prompting the Government of Botswana to come up with ways of diversifying the economy and reducing reliance on the mining sector. The main challenge for the country now is how to diversify its economy and reduce heavy reliance on diamond revenue. Therefore in 2010 the Economic DiversificationRead MoreMarketing Management Team Of Bright Light Innovations1420 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction: Bright Light Innovations LLC has invented and developed the Starlight Stove, an inexpensive home appliance for developing countries that provides both and heat and electricity without discharging hazardous wood smoke or kerosene . The stove brings in a new concept to the world of clean energy. Though the company has just started to fly it has a lot of future potential. Because annual revenue for biofuels, solar energy, wind power and fuel cells rapidly increases from 39% in oneRead MoreDifference Between Small Firms And Large Firms960 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction This paper is concerned with the difference between small firms and large firms with respect to innovation. Innovation can be defined as the implementation of new ideas to the products and processes, a new marketing method and a new organizational method in business practices, workplace organisation and external relations. It is becoming increasingly difficult to ignore the effect of innovation on performance of both small firms and large firms. A recent series of studies, indicated that largeRead MoreImpact Of Innovation On The Public Sector1708 Words   |  7 Pagesthe logic of business performance and growth on the range of goods and services that the firm offers to consumers is based on creativity. In 21 century, creativity is seen as the source of innovation, and innovation in turn as the operation of creativity. As a result, it has being arguing that, creativity is the ability to see possibilities in business (Ferrari, Cachia and Punie, 2009). The public services requires rati onal and creative skill to remove these obstacles to policy innovation. The serviceRead MoreSmall Businesses Are Essential For The Growth Of Any Economy1113 Words   |  5 PagesThey can be equated to stem cells in the human body that have the ability to self-generate and differentiate into various structural forms. Small businesses can be established to cut across industries, countries, and communities. One of the primary roles of small businesses is the creation of employment for large numbers of people in society. In the United States (US), small businesses are estimated to create jobs for approximately 64 percent of the population with most of them having less than 500Read MoreInnovation And The Successful Investment Of New Ideas846 Words   |  4 PagesInnovation is main factor for the progress of any organization. When using the innovation in the right way that gives the organization competitive among other companies. Business innovation is all about the successful investment of new ideas. Innovation plays a key role in the success of many local and international companies. The aim of Innovation is increased businesses, which generate profits (Use innovation to start or grow your business introducation, n.d.). There is an important difference

Sir Gawain The Ideal Knight Essay - 1158 Words

Sir Gawain: The Ideal Knight Throughout the Arthurian legends, Sir Gawain seems to be the epitome of a noble knight. He is always putting his king before himself, repeatedly sacrificing his own life in some way for King Arthur. He is an honorable knight that lives up to his word. This is evident in both Sir Gawain and the Green Knight and The Wedding of Sir Gawain and Dame Ragnell. In these stories, Gawain lives up to the expectations of a knight belonging to the legendary Round Table. In The Wedding of Sir Gawain and Dame Ragnell, King Arthur is accused of unrightfully giving away Gromer Somer Joures lands to Sir Gawain. Gromer Somer Joure asks Arthur a question, which Arthur must†¦show more content†¦Therfor shalle I not let. To save your life, lorde, it were my parte, Or were I false and a great coward; (Ragnell 342-352) Gawain is willing to put his welfare on the line to save his king and friend. He says that he would be a coward and without honor if he lets King Arthur die knowing that all he must do to save him is to marry a woman, although she is quite disgusting. Gawain shows his nobleness once again when Dame Ragnell tells him that she can make herself either beautiful at night or during the day, but he can only choose one of the two. He tells her, The choise I put in your fist. Evin as ye wolle, I put it in your hand, lose me when ye list, for I am bond. (Ragnell 678-680) He shows that he is not concerned with her appearance; it is up to her to decide when she would like to look beautiful. In Sir Gawain and The Green Knight, Gawain exemplifies all the traits of a noble knight. When King Arthur accepts the Green Knights challenge, Gawain steps in. He cannot allow the King to put his life on the line. Gawain says to King Arthur: I find it not fit, as in faith it is known, When such a boon is begged before all these knights, Though you be tempted thereto, to take it on yourself While so bold men about upon benches sit, That no host under heaven is hardier of will, Nor better brothers-in-arms where battleShow MoreRelatedChristian Symbolism and Chivalric Ideals in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight1472 Words   |  6 Pagesfirst Reading Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, I noticed that it comes off as a romantic normative poem about chivalric ideals and traditions of the ruling class with covertly Christian Images. The protagonist character Sir Gawain stands out as the role model of the chivalric ideals of the 14th century while displaying Christian images on his armor. The combination of Gawain’s armor and actions throughout the poem exemplify his characteristics of Christian perfection and chivalric ideals. The very firstRead MoreEssay on Chivalric Romance in Sir Gawin and the Green Knight701 Words   |  3 PagesWhat does a Chivalric Romance really represent? In â€Å"Sir Gawain and The Green Knight,† Sir Gawain continuously proves his knightly virtues and code of honor. Chivalry includes bravery, honor and humanity. He proves that he is in fact a â€Å"real† knight. It shows many ways that â€Å"Sir Gawain and the Green Knight† are perfect and the emphasis on the importance of the chivalric code. Despite its divine origins, the chivalric code is ultimately a human ideal. Chivalry is not a trait naturally found in man, butRead MoreThe Code Of Chivalry And The Fundamental Thoughts And Actions Of Human Nature1499 Words   |  6 PagesEnglish 2223 Jennifer Smith 26 November 2015 Sir Gawain†¦ Chivalric? By analyzing Sir Gawain’s attempts of following the Code of Chivalry and the fundamental thoughts and actions of human nature helps to further analyze Gawain’s character. The definition of Chivalry is the â€Å"set of values and code of conduct for the medieval knightly class† (Shatz) examining Gawain’s attempts to achieve his goal of being the perfect chivalric knight, the nature of his obstacles has to be determined, andRead MoreSir Lancelot And King Arthur1544 Words   |  7 Pageshis best knight Sir Lancelot. However, although King Arthur is married to Guinevere he feels the most betrayal by his best knight Sir Lancelot and is pained over his dishonor. This loss of chivalry honor ultimately is the downfall for both Sir Lancelot and King Arthur. Honor and loyalty is seen as the main code that the knights follow before any. The twelve knights take upon themselves to uphold their knighthood and defend what they had built. Le Morte d Arthur displays how three knights representedRead MoreThe Canterbury Tales, written by Chaucer, and Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, written by an1600 Words   |  7 PagesCanterbury Tales, written by Chaucer, and Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, written by an anonymous author, are both sophisticated fourteenth-century examples of medieval romance. Medieval romances captured the heart of their audiences as narratives and stories that featured a protagonist, often a knight, and dealt with religious allegories, chivalry, courtly love, and heroic epics. The concept of the knight emerged from the remnants of the Anglo-saxon literature and ideals and influence of the Christian religionRead MoreSir Gawain And The Green Knight1335 Words   |  6 PagesSir Gawain: The Ironic Knight Sir Gawain and the Green Knight is a tale of the utmost irony in which Sir Gawain, the most loyal and courteous of all of King Arthur’s knights, fails utterly to be loyal and courteous to his king, his host, his vows, and his God. In each case, Sir Gawain not only fails to perform well, but performs particularly poorly, especially in the case of his relationship with God. Ultimately, Sir Gawain chooses magic over faith, and by doing so, shows his ironic nature as aRead MoreSir Gawain And The Green Knight936 Words   |  4 Pageschapter of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, the journey towards the Green Chapel commences. Sir Gawain is escorted by a member of the Red Manor, who gives the knight a heed of warning. The escort offers advice to not travel to the Green Chapel, and if he chose this path, the escort would not tell of his fleeing. Sir Gawain thanks the escort for his warning but tells him that he has to keep his word, otherwise he would become a coward. The chapel was almost missed, if it not for Sir Gawain noticingRead MoreSir Gawain And The Green Knight Essay1407 Words   |  6 PagesSir Gawain: The Ideal Knight Sir Gawain in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, by an unknown author, is a knight who attempts to uphold ideal standards of knighthood. The ideal standards of knighthood consist of multiple qualities that ultimately make a knight worthy; those qualities are loyalty, strength, bravery, humility, honorability, a sense of justice, good public speaking skills, and to be of a noble family. In Sir Gawain and the Green Knight many, if not all, of those qualities are presentRead MoreSir Gawain and the Green Knight Essay1395 Words   |  6 PagesSir Gawain and the Green Knight In Sir Gawain and the Green Knight the poet depicts an entertaining story of adventure and intrigue. However, the poem is more than a grand adventure. It is an attempt to explore the moral ideals of Sir Gawain. Gawains standards are represented by the pentangle on his shield. The depiction of the pentangle occurs when Sir Gawain is preparing to gear up for his quest for the Green Chapel. Gawains outfit is described in great detail, including its color,Read MoreImportance Of A Pentangle And Their Long Uses And The Past History Associated With It1534 Words   |  7 Pagesthis paper, my approach and analysis will be based on the pentangles meaning coming from the days of Solomon, who took the Jewish star and modified it in such a manner that the symbol began to be associated with the five virtues and, protection for knights and royalty. Pentangles began as crude drawings as diagrams that were found scratched into the walls of caves. From this point onward the assumption is, they began to have a belief encompassing some realm of spiritual significance but, the real meaning

The Impact of the End of the Cold War on Us Foreign Policy Free Essays

string(140) " and social reforms in the soviet society in order to ease the pressure and help Soviets to continue to survive in the international arena\." Discuss the impact of the end of the Cold War on US foreign policy Introduction: When the world famous liberal thinker Francis Fukuyama in his masterpiece declared that we were witnessing the end of the history, he was greeting the new political structure and also the new international environment, which is peaceful[1]. However, developments that occurred after the collapse of the Soviet Union showed us that the dissolution of the Soviets was unexpected. The international society was not ready for peace and Fukuyama’s optimistic assumptions were far from becoming real. We will write a custom essay sample on The Impact of the End of the Cold War on Us Foreign Policy or any similar topic only for you Order Now Moreover, the international society currently started to realise that the tension and the potential of mass destructive war during the Cold War era had provided a much more stable and securitize world order for any other periods of the history. Recent developments that occurred after 9/11 attacks showed us that the world is not much securer due to the characteristics of this new type of threat which is commonly known and referred as terrorism. As being the flagship of the Western powers during the Cold War, the US is facing with much more pressure than before. Post- Cold war developments proved that although the US has the leadership features and military superiority against conventional threats or in other words ‘known’ enemies, it is still lacking of showing the same attributes in the Post-cold War era. This paper is going to analyse the impact of the end of the Cold War on US foreign policy. In order to do it so, it will provide historic background information on Cold War era and also the developments occurred after. Later on this paper will focus on the shifts that occurred in the American foreign policy after the Cold War. Basics of the Cold War Policies: For almost five decades the Cold War was the main stage for the evolution of international relations. Many institutions, political or military organisations and even international norms and regulations of the Cold War are setting the base even for the modern day politics. Hence the legacy of the Cold War era is still shaping the political, economic and social relationships within, and also in between the states. Although there is no specific agreement between the historians on when it began, the Cold War is the name given to approximately 50 years long conflict between the Communist block led by Soviet Union and the Western nations led by United States of America. Cold War was a conflict, which did not include any direct military engagements between these two parties. On the other hand, it was fought by various types of means including diplomatic, economic and mostly by propaganda. In general basics of the Cold War era can be grouped under 4 categories. These are: 1) Bipolar System: The primary outcome of the Second World War probably was the emergence of two superpowers which created a new and never been before experienced system anytime in the history of international relations called bipolar system. A bipolar system includes two evenly matched powers in this case The US and the Soviet Union. Once allies during and opponents after the Second World War, these two victorious states have became the main actors of the world politics for over 50 years. 2) The US Foreign Policy of Containment: The Soviet Union and its supporters were declared as the enemy of the free world by the Western states mostly by the US during the Cold War. Although it has been argued that the first indications of hostility between these two states have emerged during The Yalta and Potsdam conferences[2], the first arguments on the soviet threat have taken place between the American decision makers in late 1940s[3]. The main idea during these arguments was focusing on the essential importance of containing the Soviets, both politically and geographically in order to save and protect the US interests in overseas. In his reply to the US Treasury Department, George Kennan a former American diplomat, mentioned the expansionist policies of the Soviets and suggested that the US should follow an active foreign policy approach in order to ‘contain’ the Soviets in its current (by late 40s) geographic borders[4]. In following years, when the Truman Doctrine came into action the idea of containment has also become one of the main strategies of the US against its opponent, the Soviets. 3) Crisis without Major Conflicts: Dissimilarity between the two blocs have produced a series of international crises during the Cold War such as the Soviets intervention in Germany/Berlin (1948), Korean War (1950-1953), Cuban Crisis (1962), Although both parties did not fight or exchange fire against each other. However, they did support the fighting groups and pick sides during these crises according to their national interests. 4) Second Strike Capability Mutual Assured Destruction: Both superpowers of the Cold War era were also nuclear powers. They had highly effective and destructive nuclear weapons in their arsenal. Their nuclear capabilities were the main reason for the tension in the international society, during the Cold War. On the other hand, however this capability of theirs was also the reason why they were no major conflicts or military clashes between these super powers. Each party had the ability to respond to a nuclear attack with powerful nuclear retaliation against the attacking party[5]. This ability is called second-strike capability. Obviously as a result of this nuclear capacity both parties could have completely created a nuclear destruction not only for each other but also for the rest of the world as well[6]. That is why non- of the superpowers dared to attack the other one with its nuclear powers in order to eliminate the opposition, hostility, competition etc. The competition and increasing awareness on democratic rights did force the Soviets to stand back and make some major policy changes in 1980s. The Soviet Premier of the time Gorbachev tried to set some political and social reforms in the soviet society in order to ease the pressure and help Soviets to continue to survive in the international arena. You read "The Impact of the End of the Cold War on Us Foreign Policy" in category "Papers" Moreover, the Soviets did not only make shifts in their internal policies but also in their foreign policy understanding as well. For instance withdrawal from Afghanistan, signing of various nuclear deterrence agreements with multi parties including the US are some of the key changes that occurred in the 1980s. However, the reforms of Gorbachev did not prevent the Soviets to stop its collapse and eventually after a series of events in 1991 the Soviet Union formally announced its dissolution[7]. The First Ten Years: Although the indications were present well before the collapse of the Soviet Union, the world was not completely ready for the end of the Cold War. The US was left alone without any major balancing opponents. Furthermore, after the dissolution of the Soviets the numbers of newly established independent states have increased significantly. All these new states were lacking of self-governing capabilities and also the Western vision, which was the victorious ideology of the Cold war. Moreover, some researchers courageously support the idea that international environment during the Cold War was much more safer and less hazardous system for the global security issues. Historian Paul Dukes criticizes the former American decision makers of the Cold War for only â€Å"trying to save the day† but not working for the future[8]. He suggests that due to the lack of long-term policies of the US administrators, the world had to face with too many new issues and problems at the same time with of the Cold War[9]. If we generalize the facts before we start analysing the American foreign policy approach to the end of the Cold War, we can see that there are now much more various types of threats then it used to be. The lack of long-term policies has got the world into an uncertainty. Not only the US but also most of the states got caught out without any preparation to the circumstances of the end of the Cold War. That is way the first decade after the Cold War had a crucial importance for the US to establish, promote and also to maintain its supremacy and leadership around the world. We have seen the effects of the reforms occurred during the 1980s in the Soviet Union on the previous chapters. When these reforms combined with the ne Soviet policy of compromising have eased the tension and created a new dialogue between two superpowers. The first real challenge of the post-Cold War era was the Gulf War. Despite its historic connections in the UN Security Council meeting the Soviets (later Russian Federation) agreed to take economic sanctions against Iraq[10]. Although it seemed like the first positive international attitude towards a multi polar political system, the US policy makers misinterpreted the facts and started to crate a hegemonic power. The first real post-Cold War indication for America’s attempts to build a hegemonic power is the so-called New World Order (NWO) doctrine of the Senior Bush’s administration. The NOW came as a response from the US after the invasion of Kuwait by Iraqi military forces[11]. On September 11, 1990 former US president G. H. Bush addressed the nation prior to a joint session of Congress and underlined the ideals that the US is willing to fight for[12]. Some of the points that Bush underlined are: ? A new structure of international system based on international law and norms under the leadership of the West (particularly the US) ? International cooperation on the issues of nuclear disarmament and the promotion of collective peace ? An integrated international financial structure International cooperation on regional issues. In other words lesser sovereignty and much more international/humanitarian interventions[13]. Bush’s NWO have been criticised by various social scientists. In his 1992 article Joseph Nye categorises the NWO as a traditionally realist documentation, due to key points that was emphasised in it such as the leadership of the US [14]. Howev er, another political scientist Freedman argues that the NWO gives special importance to the UN and other multinational institutions and that is why it should be seen as a statement of liberalism and also the promotion of liberal values and norms[15]. No matter whose opinion is correct, Bush’s NWO is a fine statement of the US foreign policy makers on the Western leadership in the world politics. There is a significant increase on the numbers of US supported ‘humanitarian interventions’ since the end of the Cold War. One of the main reasons for this suitable environment for humanitarian intervention is the emergence of the newly established former communist states. Since the declaration of the NWO the US got more involved in world politics not only under the Bush administration but also under Bush’s successors. Many of these humanitarian interventions, took place under the president Clinton’s administration especially in the Balkans. In order to understand the logic of these interventions it is essential to point out the main focuses of the Clinton administration. A few weeks after he took the office President Clinton mentioned the new challenges of the post-Cold War world on a speech at the American University. These challenges and goals are: ? â€Å"To restore the American economy to good health; ? to increase the importance attached to trade and open markets for American business; to help the developing countries grow faster; ? to promote democracy in Russia and elsewhere; ? to demonstrate US leadership in the global economy[16]† The former communist states experienced series of problems during their transition periods. They not only suffered from disintegration but also they were also â€Å"forced to redefine their national interest and roles in the light of the radical c hange in the international balance of power†[17]. As a consequence of establishing a sovereign nation state, especially in the Balkans, nationalistic movements grew and tuned into violent acts. The lack of an opposing superpower helped the US to carry out the flag and start creating its global leadership. The US and its Northern Atlantic allies lunched series of military and civilian actions in order to ease the violence especially in the Balkans. During the Clinton administration US led coalition forces carried out more than 20 military missions in Yugoslavia to put an end to the ongoing violence. Main critics for the US supported missions came from a very familiar place. Although NATO eased the tension in the Balkans with its operations, the Russia was critical of the NATO operations in the Balkans. Russia prepared a resolution proposal to the UN Security Council to condemn NATO actions in Yugoslavia, though, the proposal was defeated 12-3 during the Security Council meeting, with only Russia, Namibia and China voting in favor of the resolution while NATO member countries along with the temporary members of the Security Council voted against it[18]. Hence, in general due to the sudden changes in the world politics it can be assumed that the uncertain environment and the need of a leading power led the international society to show full support on the US policies and foreign actions. Post-post Cold War? : The tragic events of the September 11, 2001did not create a new era such as post-post Cold War. However, they did assist to end a decade of positivity[19]. The attacks have generated a new era and a dimension not only for the US policies but also for the rest of the world as well specifically on the issues of global security. Although the G. W. Bush administration got the full support of international society after the attacks and even during the Afghanistan intervention, with the start of the campaign against Iraq and Saddam Hussein regime the US started to lose its supporters. The US lost its soft power over the other states and even after President Obama took the office in 2008 elections it looks like the decline will continue. Conclusion: Since the declaration of the Truman Doctrine until the collapse of the Soviet Union, the tension between two major blocks led to many crucial events, which have changed the context of the international relations and also re-framed the understanding of the world politics. The effects of these major events, which occurred during the Cold War, are traceable in contemporary world politics and also in the working structure of today’s international society. On the other hand, it should be noted that no matter how important are these Cold War based policies, the collapse of the Soviet Union has brought up a new dimension to the international relations. In general the international society faced with new radical changes with the end of the Cold War. The World has seen the implementation of various types of new policy changes in both Western and Eastern blocks. For example instead of fighting with communism the US changed its role as the promoter and the fighter of the democracy and also the global security[20]. Furthermore, the former communist states focused and forced to rethink on issues of transition and liberalisation as well[21]. The US leadership started to lose its connective power within the first decade of the post 9/11 era. Unfortunately the Bush administration misread the consequences of both post-Cold War and also September 11 attacks. The administration acted much more unilaterally then its predecessor and also its successor. The support on the US supremacy/ leadership will continue to decline unless the US foreign policy makers start to interpreting correctly the current world system. The World is no longer a secure place. International cooperation and partnership is an essential element in order to fill in the vacuum that created after the Cold War. Reference List Cameron, F US Foreign Policy after the Cold War, Routledge, Second Edition, 2006 Crockatt, R ‘The end of the cold war’, in J Baylis S Smith (eds), The Globalization of World Politics, Oxford Press, Second Edition, 2001 Dukes, P ‘A long view of the cold war’, History Today, vol. 51, issue. 1, 2006, retrieved on 20 September 2011, Evans, G Newnham, J The Penguin Dictionary of International Relations, Penguin, 1998 Freedman, L ‘ Order and Disorder in the new world’, Foreign Affairs, Winter 1992 [22] Fukuyama, F ‘The end of history’, in G Tuthail S Dalby(eds), The Geopolitics Reader, Routledge, Second Edition, 2006 Hass, R. N. ‘Defining U. S. foreign policy in a post cold war world’, The DISAM Journal, Fall 2002/Winter 2003 Kennan, G. F Memoirs 1925-1950, Pantheon, 1983 Kessler, B. R ‘ Bush’s new world order: The meaning behind the words’, Air Command and Staff Collage, ACSC Research Department NSW, 1997 Mingst, K Essentials of international Relations, Norton Company, Second Edition, 2003 Nye, J. S ‘What new world order? Foreign Affairs, Spring 1992 Petherick C. J, ‘Bush announces new world financial order’, American Free Press, December 2008, retrieved on 21 September 2011, Sokoloski, H. D Getting MAD: Nuclear Mutual Assured Destruction, Its Origins and Practice, Strategic Studies Institute, November 2004 ‘The Yalta and Potsdam conferences’, BBC UK, retrieved on 20 September 2011, ‘Union of Soviet Socialist Republics’, Encyclopedia Britannica, retrieved on 21 September 2011, Williams, I ‘Balkan crisis report: The UN’s surprising support’, Institute for War and Peace, 19 April 1999, retrieved on 21 September 2011, ———————– 1] Fukuyama, F ‘The end of history’, in G Tuthail S Dalby(eds), The Geopolitics Reader, Routledge, Second Edition, 2006, pp. 107 – 114 [2] ‘The Yalta and Potsdam conferences’, BBC UK, retrieved on 20 September 2011, [3] Mingst, K Essentials of international Relations, Norton Company, Second Edition, 2003, p. 40 [4] Kennan, G. F Memoirs 1925-1950, Pantheon, 1983, p. 356 [5] Evans, G Newnham, J The Penguin Dictionary of International Relations, Penguin, 1998, p. 487 [6] Sokoloski, H. D Getting MAD: Nuclear Mutual Assured Destruction, Its Orig ins and Practice, Strategic Studies Institute, November 2004, p. 5 [7] ‘Union of Soviet Socialist Republics’, Encyclopedia Britannica, retrieved on 21 September 2011, [8] Dukes, P ‘A long view of the cold war’, History Today, vol. 51, issue. 1, 2006, retrieved on 20 September 2011, [9] ibid. [10] ibid. [11] Mingst. op. cit. , p. 54 [12] Petherick C. J, ‘Bush announces new world financial order’, American Free Press, December 2008, retrieved on 21 September 2011, [13] Kessler, B. R ‘ Bush’s new world order: The meaning behind the words’, Air Command and Staff Collage, ACSC Research Department NSW, 1997, pp. 2-4 [14] Nye, J. S ‘What new world order? ’ Foreign Affairs, Spring 1992, p. 84 [15] Freedman, L Order and Disorder in the new world’, Foreign Affairs, Winter 1992, p. 22 [16] Cameron, F US Foreign Policy after the Cold War, Routledge, Second Edition, 2006, p. 19 [17] Crockatt, R ‘The end of the c old war’, in J Baylis S Smith (eds), The Globalization of World Politics, Oxford Press, Second Edition, 2001, p. 93 [18] Williams, I ‘Balkan crisis report: The UN’s surprising support’, Institute for War and Peace, 19 April 1999, retrieved on 21 September 2011, [19] Hass, R. N. ‘Defining U. S. foreign policy in a post cold war world’, The DISAM Journal, Fall 2002/Winter 2003, p. 31 [20] Crockatt, op. cit. p. 93 [21] ibid. How to cite The Impact of the End of the Cold War on Us Foreign Policy, Essays

Managing Performance Module for Performance -myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theManaging Performance Module for Training and Performance. Answer: Introduction Most of the organizations have a traditional system of defined goals and objectives for its employees that are measured by their supervisors based on their contribution and achievements through annual reviews and assessments. This system can be termed as performance management or career development performance review program. Performance generally has no theory to define itself but has numerous approaches and models built on specific disciplinary perspectives (Guest, 1997). Performance management is a process considered as an important component in employees career development that incorporates regular face to face performance review meetings leading to performance appraisals and underperformance management that are aligned with organizations objectives(AHRI).It is strategic and operational process that should be managed holistically through HR strategic process with an aim to ensure employees contribute to business objectives (Scannell, and Gifford, 2017). According to Deming, perfo rmance review nourishes the short-term performance, annihilates long-term planning, builds fear, demolishes team-work and nourishes rivalry and politics. This research based essay will discuss Demings observations about performance management in current dateand how contemporary organizations have addressed its adverse outcomes. There will also be a discussion on HRM skills required to avoid these adverse actions,followed by the conclusion based on research and obeservations. Strategically, performance management process improves organizational performance through the performance development of its employees and teams by managing and understanding the performance within a framework ofestablishedshort and long term goals, organizationstandards and competency requirements.Under operational process, it is a system used by organizations for settingwork goals, regulate performance standards, assign and evaluate work, provide feedback The degree Demings observations about performance management are still true today. Deming observed several organization performances and outlined need for change to a group performance plan from individual performance plan. He suggested that focusing a group performance plan enabled an organization to improve productivity and quality (Deming, 1982). Deming outlined that a performance management systems should be based on; continuous improvement, employee empowerment, teamwork, prevention, customer focus and process management. He emphasized that these bases should be used in setting right goals, establishing performance measures, focus on issues and concentrating on right kind of criteria. Deming argues that organizations should change from quantitative analysis of an individual employee and short term organizational goals and instead focus on long term planning of goal to enhance productivity and quality. Organizations should not focus on short term profits because they reduce organization progress through minimizing investing, deferring maintenance, and cutting d own research. Demings acknowledges long term profits for their ability to improve productivity and quality in an organization. Deming outlined 14 points that can be used for long term profits in an organization. They include the following; purposing on improvement of the product, adopting a new philosophy, stopping dependence on inspections with an aim to achieve quality, avoiding rewarding in business based on price, constantly improving the system, instituting training on job, instituting leadership, driving out fear, breaking down barriers, eliminating target goals and slogans, eliminating work standards, eliminating barriers of workmanship pride, instituting programs of education and self improvement programs and enabling everybody in an organization to work toward transformation. Deming therefore emphasized on transformational leadership to managing performance in a workplace rather than individual quantitative monitoring and evaluation of an employee. Demings observations on performance management are still true today in many organizations. First, organizations still widely use quantitative performance measures. Organizations use annual or quarterly reviews to attribute individual employee performance. An employee is rated against the amount of returns to the organization that can be attributed to their performance. The quantitative performance measure is also used as a base of rewards of an employee. Deming noted that using quantitative performance measure in certain duration of time was a post mortem function of an employee performance plan. Secondly, organizations still have emphasis on individual performance. Organizations still focus on individual employee performance in the organization. Focusing on individuals in the organization discourages formation of effective groups in the workplace. Establishing of groups in the organization enables teamwork in the workplace. Todays organization emphasis on an individual mployee perfo rmance plan leads to unethical behaviors among employees. Employees engage in organizations politics and rivalry to in the process of maintaining their personal performance. Employees also rework in the organization that increase cost of production. Therefore, organizations emphasis on individual performance plan as observed by Deming is the cause of ineffective teamwork toward common organizational goals in todays organizations. Thirdly, todays organizations still have employees focusing on pleasing the management. There is an emphasis of employees showing their bosses what they have done to attain certain results. This phenomenon in the organization leads to less focus on customers needs which are core in continuous improvement of an organization (Kaplan et al., 2010). This observation shows that individuals in the organization work to meet managers requirements and get their approval. This leads to individual employee in the organization getting increased rewards. This results to organizations inability to meet customers needs through teamwork of all employees working on the same organizational mission (Langley et al., 2009). Fourth, there is emphasis on short term goals in todays organizations. Organizations focus on getting high returns in a short duration of time. This involves focus on short term financial gains of the organization. Organizations lack long term planning that is important to continuous improvement. The organizations therefore operate on wrong goals that are based on behavioral statements and in other cases opinionated questions. For instance the following phases are used; accepting responsibility, meeting deadlines, aptitude to learn, effective teams participation etc. This leads to organizations operating on goals that they do not understand their root causes. This setting of goals neither solves organizational problems nor improves performance in the organization. Lastly, todays organizations still mount fear to their employees. Employ ees are subjected to tight compulsory targets that they are required meet within a given period of time. Employees are also required to compensate to damages they cause in the workplace. Though, there has been increasing labor laws, employees still feel insecure in their tenure due to subjective performance measurement. This encourages excessive internal competition, unnecessary reworking, and unethical behaviors such as cheating in the workplace. Adverse outcomes and how they have been addressed in contemporary organisations Deming outlined several adverse outcomes that happen in organization when managing performance. The contemporary organization address adverse outcomes in the following ways; first, the issue of unethical behaviors in the workplace is addressed in four different ways. The organization enforces codes of conduct, establishes a protocol, empower employees, and continuously review codes of conducts. The codes of conduct enable employees to figure appropriate behavior when in an organization or confronted with a situation. The code of conduct elaborates the protocol that has to be followed to report unethical behavior. Organizations also empower employees to easily identify unethical behaviors or ethics violations in the workplace. Contemporary organizations have to consciously review the code of conducts to ensure values of the organizations are maintained to enable management shape the organizational culture. Second is excessive internal competition. This adverse outcome is as a result o f individual employee strives to independently please the management for promotions, incentives, or bonus. These adverse outcome leads to compromising of the organization products quality. This adverse outcome is addressed by establishing groups in the organization. Employees are allocated different groups. These groups work as a team towards a common defined goal. Employees are therefore required to work in collaboration to achieve a predetermined outcome. This reduces cases of unhealthy competition between employees and shifts the competition to teams. Competition as a team in an organization is commendable and enhances productivity of an organization. Collaboration also enhances sharing of organizational goals for the long term success of the organization. The third adverse outcome is fear in the organization. This adverse outcome is as a result of job insecurity due to inability to meet targets. Fear cause anxiety and leads to ineffectiveness of an employee (Gruman, and Saks, 20 11). The contemporary organizations empower employees to improve their performance and meet target. This involves continuous training to employees to enhance their ability to produce and meet set objectives by the management. This reduces anxiety from employees making them comfortable to work in the organization. The organizations also undertake assessment of the employees jobs to ensure that their skills and knowledge meet the tasks requirements. The fourth adverse outcome is organization system not getting to the root cause of the problems. This adverse outcome in organizations is as a result of not setting the right goals in the organization (Liao et al., 2009). The managers are immobile in the organization leading to a situation where they set goals in the process of developing performance plan with understanding what is happening in the workplace where employees are working in. These problems can be lack of skills, low morale, poor working conditions, or limited knowledge. Thes e problems can lead to ineffectiveness of an organization performance plan goals. The contemporary organizations are addressing this outcome by assessing employees skills and knowledge, setting of goals and getting ongoing feedback from employees (Dormann et al., 2013). This enables managers to move around the workplace and understand what is happen and problems that employees are having before setting a certain goal. Managers are therefore able to set goals that require teamwork to accomplish. This ensures that the set goals are attainable and enhance productivity and quality in the organization. Fifth, is nourishing of short term organizational performance. This advance outcome is as a result of organizations focusing on short term profits. Short term profits reduce the ability of the organization to perform in the future. Concentration on the short term performance for short term profits leads to organizations deferring maintenance and not investing on research for innovations an d invention in the organization (Clark, 2008). Short term performance therefore, inhibits the organizations ability by focusing on short term dividends and other returns. The contemporary organizations are addressing this by focusing on improving product quality and productivity. This ensures that the organization is not emphasizing on short term performance to have short term profit but rather investing in organizations productivity and quality of the products produced. The other adverse outcomes in the organization are rivalry and politics. Negative politics and continued rivalry lead to decreased employees morale and reduces job satisfaction. Bad rivalry in the organization causes emotional backlashes, backstabbing, rumors fictions by employees to defend their wounded self image. This leads to general bitterness, unhappiness, and frustrations in the workplace. These outcomes are addressed by contemporary organizations instituting good leadership that is able to monitor and direct employees actions towards a certain objectives. Leadership in this case involves closely monitoring to understand what is happening in the workplace and influencing actions to achieve the organization goals. Last it the demolishment of teamwork in the organization. This adverse outcome in performance management is as a result of individual performance plan. Organizations prepare individual performance plan where an employee is evaluated on specific goals. This demolishes teamwork in the organization since the action of one employee does not affect other colleagues. This situation reduces the ability of the organization to collaborate and deliver on common goals. This adversely affects the productivity and quality of the organizations products. The contemporary organizations are addressing demolishment of teamwork in the organization by putting everybody to work towards accomplishing transformation. The organizations work to break barriers that break down in different departments an d groups. The organizations also prepare group performance plan rather than individual performance plan. This enables employees to work as a team and be evaluated as a group that enhance collaboration and teamwork in the organization (Chen, and Huang, 2009). Conclusion From the research in this essay, Deming approach to performance management is still relevant to todays organizations. Demings finding can be applied to todays performance management by change of philosophy, leadership, and means of measuring success. Demings view that performance review leads organizations to nourish short term performance, demolish teamwork, build fear, destroys long term planning of the organization is true. Subjecting employees to individual performance review leads to unethical behaviors, excessive internal competition, rivalry, and politics. Performance review to an individual employee causes adverse outcomes on employee performance in the organization. Contemporary organizations should set the right goals, use the right measures, and concentrate on the right criteria when planning and implementing organizational performance review in the organization. Therefore, it can be concluded that performance review to an individual has adverse outcome while it commendabl e to groups because it enhances teamwork and enables the o0rganization to focus on improving productivity and quality. References Chen, C.J. and Huang, J.W., (2009). Strategic human resource practices and innovation performanceThe mediating role of knowledge management capacity. Journal of business research, 62(1), pp.104-114. Clark, R.C., 2008. Building expertise: Cognitive methods for training and performance improvement. John Wiley Sons. Chikkerur, S., Sundaram, V., Reisslein, M. and Karam, L.J., 2011. Objective video quality assessment methods: A classification, review, and performance comparison. IEEE transactions on broadcasting, 57(2), pp.165-182. 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